Suchergebnisse

In this paper we look at the similarity of trade structures in an integrating area. In particular, we analyse the export flows toward the EU market of four of the so-called "accession countries of Central and Eastern Europe by comparing them to those of the pre-2004 members of the European Union (EU15). From a methodological point of view, we evaluate the appropriateness of different classes of similarity indices - correlation indices and distance metrics - opting for the use of the Bray-Curtis semi-metric to assess changes in the trade similarity. We examine its evolution over time - from 1989 to 2001 - considering both self-similarity (how the export composition of a CEEC has changed with respect to the beginning of the transition process) and EU-similarity (if and how the export composition of a CEEC has changed with respect to the EU15 export composition). Finally, we use EU-similarity matrices to test if the dynamics of sectoral distribution of total exports of Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to the EU is related to the role acquired by processed trade in the 1990s. Using a nonparametric Mantel test we give evidence that: (1) processed trade is crucial in explaining changes in the overall structure of exports of transition countries, and (2) that greater economic integration in terms of trade flows and processing trade does not always lead to greater export similarity between the CEECs and the EU15 member States.

This paper maps out the trade relationship in goods between the two largest trading blocs in the global economy - the EU and US. We use detailed product category information to provide an in-depth description of current trade flows between the two markets, with a particular focus on how Irish-US trade patterns compare to those of the EU overall. Along with the overall size of the trade flows, we highlight the extent of diversification in terms of the number of products particularly dependant on the US market. We then examine the structure of current bilateral tariff rates and how these vary across product types. This is done at the most granular level possible, using the product level trade flows compiled by the United Nations and matching them to current tariff levels. This structure is then used to assess potential changes proposed to these tariffs, using the US June 2020 tariff announcement and EU retaliation as illustrations.

Hohe Außenhandelsüberschüsse Japans mit Amerika und Westeuropa, so der Autor dieser Arbeit, ließen sich weder durch direkte protektionistische Maßnahmen Japans gegenüber Importen wie hohen Zöllen oder nicht-tarifären Handelshemmnissen noch durch indirekten Potektionismus über Subventionen oder Steuern ausreichend erklären. Im Gegenteil: Nach traditionellem Verständnis gehöre der japanische Markt zu den offensten unter den fortgeschrittenen Industrieländern. Von amerkanischer Seite werde folglich der Vorwurf erhoben, der Export auf den japanischen Markt sei durch 'informale' Mechanismen, wie z.B. nicht-transparente Zulassungsverfahren für bestimmte Produkte, stark erschwert. Der Autor versucht, den tatsächlichen Einfluß solcher Faktoren auf die japanische Außenhandelsstruktur einzuschätzen. (DÜI-Bsn)

AbstractIn this paper, we look at the role of export composition in the growth process, considering how increased similarity in trade structure among countries can induce catching‐up in income levels in a group of countries in transition. We analyze the sectoral export patterns of the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) by comparing them to those of the current members of the European Union (EU), focusing on countries' specialization as suppliers for the EU market, and we assess whether similar export patterns foster the catching‐up process of the CEECs. Our main result is that similarity in export composition has a positive, significant and non‐linear impact on catching‐up, and seems to be driven by the growth of the main export market and delocalization of production more than by other factors.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I. Introduction -- 1. Made in the World -- 2. Workhorse Models -- Part II. Location -- 3. Contracts and Export Behavior -- 4. Contracts and Global Sourcing -- 5. Contracts and Sourcing: Evidence -- Part III. Internalization -- 6. The Transaction-Cost Approach -- 7. The Property-Rights Approach -- 8. Internalization: Empirical Evidence -- Part IV. Appendixes -- A Theoretical Appendix -- B Data Appendix -- Bibliography -- Index