Suchergebnisse

There is abundant literature on domestic safe water supply and hygienic sanitation. Yet, there is a paucity of research studies on adequate supply of safe drinking water and toilet facilities in places of population movement and congregation in India. This study stresses on the importance of availability of safe water and sanitation facilities in all the places of human congregation and movement in India. 49 research studies were identified from 169 potentially relevant publications. Studies were selected: first, all protocols of water and toilet facilities among published literature were meticulously searched. Second, information sources on sanitation facilities in public life, viz., railways, roadways, waterways, market places and shopping complexes, schools, and other higher educational institutions, fairs and festivals, entertainment establishments, healthcare facilities, were explored from publications of various resources of different levels. Third, published reports from apex bodies of national and international importance like Indian Council of Medical Research, World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, USAID, etc. were given due weightage. Of late, the concept of cleanliness and making communities free from open defecation are in limelight as the Government of India has taken up Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM); even then, contextual gaps remain. This is the cause for concern as both safe water supply and basic sanitation are directly linked to health promotion of the community. Further, this research group have noted that due importance has not been integrated in the planning of SBM regarding availability of safe water and scientific sanitation facilities in all the places of human movement and congregation. Hence, there is more need for creating awareness among general population as well as stakeholders regarding this aspect of cleanliness. It is noted that despite considerable improvement in safe water and sanitation facilities in domestic life, there is considerable population left, who are still lacking ...

Sanitation is a basic human need. Inadequate sanitation and poor hygienic practices lead to huge public health costs and diseases. This study highlights the interregional and interstate disparity in the coverage of sanitation facility in India based on census data. The best sanitation facilities are available in all states of Northeast India while the central region, followed by the eastern region, reports the lowest access to toilet facility. A disparity index has been worked out to measure the level of disparity in access to sanitation facilities over time. The regression analysis confirms that socio-economic variables such as female literacy rate (FLR) and population below poverty line (BPL) rate are significant determinants of improved sanitation facility. The study reveals the unsatisfactory condition of sanitation facility, especially in rural areas. Though the government is conscious about the construction of the toilets in rural areas, it is found not usable in many cases. Thus, there is a need to make constant efforts to improve the performance of the programmes by making them more responsive to the local needs and aspirations. The programmes should concentrate on changing behaviour and promoting latrine use.

Background: Toilet facilities among many other facilities ought to be present in schools to promote hygiene and meet the physical and emotional needs of staff and students. Objectives: The study assessed school ownership, availability and type of toilet facilities in secondary schools. Methodology: This was a school based observational study. An interviewer administered semi- structured questionnaire to selected staff and students in fifty-three secondary schools was used for data collection. Results: Day and boarding schools were 71.7% and 28.3% respectively; 75.5% privately owned. Forty five schools (84.9%) had toilet facilities, while 1/6th of the schools had none. Water carriage toilets (water squatting and water seat) comprised 20 (21.6%) while the non-water carriage accounted for 55 (59%). Twenty-nine (54.7%) provided toilets facilities for the different sexes while 24 (45.3%) did not. A non-statistically significant association (p = 0.034) was found between ownership of school and type of toilet facility provided. Conclusion: About 76% of schools were non-governmental of which 92.5% had toilet facilities. Half of the schools made separate provision for the different sexes. Recommendation: Schools should ensure the sustainability of good sanitary practices through the provision of toilet facilities in schools.

The census 2011 based information on basic amenities offers an opportunity to assess India's progress towards access to toilet facility, the first step to end the open defecation, with a decade long Total Sanitation Campaign underway. Evaluating the data of census 2001 and 2011, it turns out that progress in this sphere is slow and non-inclusive. It entirely excludes poorest states with high incidence of toilet deprivation. Progress towards this in India offers a case where the fraction of households without toilet facility decreased along with an increase in its number. The article argues that increase in the number of households without toilet facility is indicative of big policy failure. It suggests that government should take appropriate measures to put an end to open defecation. At the end, article proposes that the performance evaluation in this regard may not merely be based on fraction but aggregate number as well.

บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อรวบรวมพร้อมทั้งเสนอแนวคิดกับสถานการณ์ที่เกี่ยวข้องจากอุบัติเหตุของการใช้ห้องน้ำ รวมถึงแนวทางการพัฒนาความรู้ความเข้าใจร่วมกันทั้งภาครัฐและเอกชนที่เกี่ยวข้องกับผู้สูงอายุ โดยความสำคัญในการออกแบบห้องน้ำที่เป็นมิตรกับผู้สูงอายุ รวมถึงศึกษาเอกสารที่เกี่ยวข้องประกอบด้วย พระราชบัญญัติ กฎกระทรวง และรวบรวมข้อมูล แนวคิดจาก เอกสาร สิ่งตีพิมพ์ ฐานข้อมูลอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ พบว่าการออกแบบห้องน้ำสำหรับผู้สูงอายุนั้นมีความสำคัญอย่างมาก โดยสำหรับในภาครัฐนั้นเห็นได้จากการกำหนดเป็นกฎกระทรวง ตลอดจนยุทธศาสตร์บริการขนส่งสาธารณะ สำหรับผู้พิการและผู้สูงอายุ ซึ่งได้นำมาใช้ในการพัฒนาพื้นที่จริงพร้อมให้บริการสำหรับผู้สูงอายุ พร้อมกันนั้นทางเอกชนเองก็เล็งเห็นความสำคัญในการอำนวยความสะดวกสำหรับคนทุกวัยโดยตัวอย่างที่เห็นได้ชัดคือการมีสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกในหลายสถานที่เพื่อรองรับการใช้งาน รวมถึงโครงการ"ห้องสุขสโมสร" ที่ได้มีการเตรียมพื้นที่เพื่อรองรับการใช้งานของคนทุกประเภทพร้อมกันนี้ยังเป็นการส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวในด้านสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก ทั้งนี้แนวทางที่รัฐและเอกชนใช้นั้นเป็นแนวคิดในการออกแบบสภาพแวดล้อมที่เหมาะสมคนทั้งมวล (Universal Design) โดยมุ่งเน้นเรื่องความเท่าเทียมกันในการเข้าถึงพื้นที่ใช้งานของผู้สูงอายุเป็นสำคัญ ตลอดจนถึงความปลอดภัยที่ผู้ใช้งานพึงได้รับ ซึ่งแนวคิดดังกล่าวนี้สอดคล้องกับสภาพแวดล้อมที่เป็นมิตรสำหรับผู้สูงอายุ (Age-friendly environment) และแนวคิดดังกล่าวนี้ก่อให้เกิดนวัตกรรมเพื่อตอบรับความเป็นอยู่และชีวิตที่ดีขึ้นของผู้สูงอายุ แต่ปัจจัยหลักที่มาพร้อมนวัตกรรมคือปัญหาเรื่องงบประมาณที่เป็นอุปสรรคต่อการพัฒนาพื้นที่ หากพื้นที่นั้นไม่ได้รับการออกแบบวางแผนไว้ก่อนก่อสร้างก็จะมีอีกหลายปัญหาที่ต้องแก้ไขติดตามมา ทั้งนี้หากมองเรื่องสิทธิ เสรีภาพ ความเท่าเทียมกันในสังคมเป็นหลักก่อนเริ่มต้นการออกแบบ หรือการปรับปรุงพื้นที่ก็สามารถที่จะทำการจัดเตรียมพื้นที่และสิ่งอำนวยความให้อยู่ในเกณฑ์ที่เหมาะสมตามกฎกระทรวงกำหนดสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกในอาคารสำหรับผู้พิการหรือทุพพลภาพ และคนชรา พ.ศ.2548 ทั้งนี้ส่วนที่สำคัญที่สุดคือการสร้างเสริมถึงความตระหนักในสิทธและเสรีภาพรวมถึงความแตกต่างในด้านกายภาพการใช้งานและทางด้านร่างกายที่เกี่ยวข้องกับผู้สูงอายุ This article intends to gather and present ideas on any situations related to accidents in the use of toilets as well as develop mutual understanding between the government and private sectors in relation to the elder. It is important to design a suitable bathroom for the elderly by studying the relevant documents including the act, the ministerial regulations and gathering data and concepts from document, publication and electronic database. It was found that the design of the bathroom for the elderly is very important. For the government, it is obviously from the ministerial regulations as well as strategies and public transport services for the disabled and the elderly. This development is available for the elderly. Moreover, the private sector also intends to serve all ages such as various facilities in public places. Including "Suk Samosorn Room" which is prepared the area for supporting all ages and promoting the tourism in terms of facilities. Method of the government and the private sector is universal design which is focused on equality in accessing the area of the elderly as well as security. This idea conforms to age-friendly environment by creating new innovation that meet the elderly lifestyle. However, the major factor of innovation is a budget problem which is obstacle for area development. If the area is not planned before the construction, there are many problems that have to be solved. If it is focused about the rights, liberty and equality in society before get start to design or renovate the area. that is possible to provide facilities in accordance with the rules of the ministry which has determined the facility in the building for disabled and elderly B.E.2548. Therefore, the most important part is to enhance the right of independent as well as differences physical and physically associated with the elderly.

Public toilets for persons with disabilities were important tool used as a support for the smooth functioning of disabled persons in the public sphere. Portable public toilets were usually used to supportcertain activities that were considered incapable of being facilitated by permanent toilets. This studyaims to determine the level of anthrophometry and accessibility of people with disabilities in portabletoilets in Surakarta. To find out if the disabled people had difficulty or even felt the ease and comfortwhen using the facility. Anthrophometric measurements were essential to see if they fitted their dimensions with the needs of the users, especially those with disabilities.The research object was a portable public toilet located on Jl. Slamet Riyadi Surakarta. The methodused is descriptive with qualitative approach supported by quantitative data, or could also be calleddouble research strategy that was the use of various methods in solving a research problem. Quantitative here using numerical data from field observation measurements, then compared with referencesand in the analysis based on interpretation of researchers taken from field data and interviewees.The results of the research were expected to be input to the Surakarta City Government and otherstakeholders, in order to provide a good public facility in accordance with the rules of anthrophometryof portable public toilets that could be made to function optimally. The results of this study were alsoexpected to provide teaching material on Interior Design Study Program ISI SurakartaKeywords: Disable accessibility Anthrometry

One of the very common necessities of human being is toilet. Our country is slowly recovering the problem of sanitation. But in our country the frequency and conditions of public toilets are very disappointing although it is very important. The problem is more prominent in urban area, and this problem is increasing day by day as the rate of urbanization is increasing. Although an central government initiative called "Clean India†known as "Swaccha Bharat†giving emphasis on it but it demand more attention. Even in Kolkata, one of the important metro cities facing the same problems. As the population of Kolkata increases the demand of public toilets increases simultaneously but the problem remains same. In Kolkata Municipal corporation area out of 144 wards there are 21 wards where public toilet facility is totally absent. There are total 383 public toilets which are not enough so the ratio of population per toilet is very high. The main sufferers of this problem are women. According to their perception the main issue is hygiene and cleanliness. This paper is focuses in depth micro level study to find the root of the problem and how it can be mitigated. A study has been done by analyzing primary and secondary data, and GIS and some statistical techniques are applied for analysing and representing such data. The paper is also consisting some suggestion by how the problem can mitigate and the human life especially women's life and environment of our city become clean and tension free.

This dissertation seeks to explore the frequently overlooked site of public toilets in relation to the politics of production and maintenance of social hierarchies in Cape Town between 1880 and 1940. In particular, it examines how public toilets both reflected and operationalised new understandings of demarcation of space, and disciplining and distribution of bodily functions. Rather than providing a comprehensive history of this municipally provided facility, this dissertation aims at exploring the ways in which the scanty, scattered and seemingly technical archive on public toilets can be used to understand the co-production of the built environment and social values.The emphasis on the spatial and the corporeal aspects of this history not only allows us to challenge the abstraction of the 'public' with which historians usually operate, but also to recognize how, for the city officials, the human body's capacity to generate waste was both a source of anxiety and a means of constructing "inferiority" among particular groups of people. The dissertation consists of a chapter-length introduction, followed by three chapters based on primary research. In conversation with a range of conceptual and comparative academic literature, the introductory chapter identifies and examines the key theoretical questions underlying a possible history of public toilets in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Cape Town. Chapter One interrogates the public-ness of the so-called public toilets, by Abstract critically engaging the intersections of race, class and gender, and by calling attention to their role in the maintenance of social hierarchies. Chapter Two focuses primarily on the question of infrastructure and design, trying to place the relationship between material designs and physical bodies at the centre of a history of practices. Chapter Three is concerned with the use and control of public toilets, and traces the ways in which both toilet users and attendants negotiated the values and habits that city officials tried to enforce in and through this institution. This research has drawn on a variety of archival sources, including Mayor's Minutes, Reports of the Medical Officers of Health, correspondence between the city council and members of the public, Select Committee Reports, articles in and letters to the press, maps of the city, architect's plans, as well as contemporary fictional literature.

This is a conference paper. ; Diarrhoeal disease is a major concern to the South African government. Understanding the relationship between the lack of water and sanitation and diarrhoeal disease, the government has developed a national initiative to provide poor and rural communities with a basic sanitation facility, one of which is a Urine Diversion toilet. This paper includes assessment of the effectiveness of hygiene messages on vault emptying behaviours and the possible transfer of pathogens to hands during emptying processes. The method involve observation of vault emptying behaviours, interviews with key stakeholders and microbiological analysis of indicator species on hands before and after vault emptying. The results indicated that health and hygiene messages were not actioned by the study group and that there was no significant difference between the E-Coli and Faecal coliforms on the hands before and after emptying Conclusions from the study were that correct operation and maintenance of Urine Diversion toilet require, health and hygiene education programmes to be ongoing and continue beyond the life of the project.

Toilets, a neglected facility in the study of human relations at work and beyond, have become increasingly important in discussions about future experiences of gender diversity. To further investigate the spatial production of gender and its potential expressions, we transformed a unisex single-occupancy toilet at Uppsala University into an all-gender or 'hir-toilet'.1 With the aim to disrupt and expose the dominant spatial organization of the two binary genders, we inaugurated the hir-toilet with the help of a performance artist. We describe and analyse internal and external responses thereto, using Lefebvre's work on dialectics and space. Focusing on how space is variously lived, conceived and perceived, our analysis questions the very rationale of gender categorizations. The results contribute to a renewed critique of binary thinking in the organization of workplaces by extending our understanding of how space and human relations mutually constitute each other.

This research on the behavior of people doing acts of his household on the lanting (floating house) and the factors surrounding the community in the use of as an Shower, Wash, and Toilet (MCK) River in the area of Neighborhood Association (RT) 01 Citizens Association (RW) XVII Siswondo Parman (S. Parman) Down the city, Palangka Raya. Type of research is qualitative, subject consists of chairman RT 01, public figures, and residents of the floating house in the safety precautions RT 01 RW XVII S. Parman Down the city Palangka Raya. The data collection techniques in this study use interviews, observation, and documentation techniques. Data analysis techniques used are reduction, data presentation then conclusions. The research showed that floating in safety precautions S. Parman Down RT 01 Kahayan River amounted to ± 80 households and community in the Kahayan River doing Shower, Wash, and Toilet (MCK) activity is accustomed to even become a daily culture of society. Therefore, it is necessary for the role of the local government and the health office to conduct an outreach related to the impact that occurred if the river water as a means of Shower, Wash, and Toilet (MCK) in S. Parman Down RT 01 RW XVII Palangka Raya remains in use.Penelitian ini mengenai perilaku masyarakat yang melakukan kegiatan rumah tangganya di atas lanting (rumah terapung) dan faktor-faktor yang ada di sekitar masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan sebagai Mandi, Cuci, dan Kakus (MCK) Sungai di wilayah Rukun Tetangga (RT) 01 RW XVII Siswondo Parman (S. Parman) bawah kota, Palangka Raya. Jenis penelitian adalah kualitatif, subjek terdiri dari ketua RT 01, tokoh masyarakat, dan penghuni rumah terapung di RT 01 RW XVII S. Parman Bawah Kota Palangka Raya. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah reduksi, penyajian data kemudian penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan terapung di S. Parman Down RT 01 Sungai Kahayan berjumlah ± 80 KK dan masyarakat di Sungai Kahayan yang melakukan kegiatan Mandi, Cuci, dan WC (MCK) sudah menjadi kebiasaan bahkan menjadi budaya sehari-hari masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, perlu peran pemerintah daerah dan dinas kesehatan untuk melakukan sosialisasi terkait dampak yang terjadi jika air sungai sebagai sarana Mandi, Cuci, dan Kakus (MCK) di S. Parman Down RT 01 RW XVII Palangka Raya tetap digunakan.

This study assessed household health risks in relation to sanitation and hygiene practices. A convergent parallel mixed method design, involving a survey of 200 household heads and two semi-structured interviews, was employed. The forward linear regression method was used to determine how sanitation and hygiene practices influence household health risks. From the results, age was the most considered criterion for using a homestead toilet facility. Income made the most significant contribution to change in the choice of toilet facility with a Beta Weight of 0.313 at a statistically significant level of p<0.00. Income was again identified to be the most statistically significant determining factor for access to sanitation and hygiene materials with 0.389 at a significant alpha level of p<0.00. The identified factors that define sanitation and hygiene practices cut across gender division of labour, age, occupation, housing type and residential location. Owing to the range of demographic, social and economic factors influencing the adoption of proper sanitation and hygiene practices, it is recommended that sanitation and hygiene improvement interventions should inculcate socio-demographic and economic concepts to reduce household health risks.

This paper is an attempt to evaluate the present condition of the educational infrastructure of Jorhat district of Assam, India. The term educational infrastructure covers dimensions like availability of schools, teachers, and intake capacity of schools. In addition to these three dimensions, some basic amenities of school like the condition of building, drinking water facility, toilet facility, electricity, and availability of proper furniture are also considered. The main attempt is to show the intra-district picture of educational infrastructure and how it is related to educational attainment status, i.e. enrolment & literacy. An attempt is made to formulate 'Educational Infrastructure Index' (EII) using these three dimensions besides conducting primary survey in selected villages of eight community development blocks to assess the real status of educational infrastructure.

AbstractIn a high fertility context, research on the relationship between parental investment, unwanted births and child nutritional outcomes is limited. The implications may be especially relevant for children coming from the most disadvantaged backgrounds and at increased risk of nutritional deprivation. This study assessed the association between maternal investment, unwanted births disaggregated into mistimed and unwanted children, and child nutritional outcomes in a poor population of Serbian Roma. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys rounds 5 and 6 data for Serbian Roma settlements were used to account for the association between two measures of maternal investment: weight at birth and parity, and mistimed and unwanted children, and children height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age z score (WAZ) and weight-for- height z-score (WHZ). The sample included 130 children aged 0-24 months. The child variables were age, gender, and birth order, while maternal independent variables included age, literacy and access to improved toilet facility as proxies for socioeconomic status. Children born with low birth weight (lower maternal investment in utero) face a significant deficit in terms of their nutritional outcomes, measured by HAZ and WAZ. The effect was aggravated for height if the child was unwanted while there was a positive relationship between access to improved toilet facility and WHZ. Unwanted children were of higher birth order, with older, higher parity mothers than mistimed children. Many of the Roma children may be at risk of undernutrition, however, Roma children who received lower maternal investment in utero, unwanted and living in poorest households may face additional risk.

Child mortality differentials according to water supply and sanitation in many urban areas of developing countries suggest that access to piped water and toilet facilities can improve the survival chances of children. The central question in this study is whether access to piped water and a flush toilet affects the survival chance of children under five in urban areas of Eritrea. The study uses data collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) project in Eritrea in 1995. The results show that while the unadjusted effect of household environment (water supply and toilet facility) is large and statistically significant during the post-neonatal and child periods, it is relatively small and statistically insignificant during the neonatal period. The effect of household environment remains substantial during the post-neonatal and child periods, even when other socioeconomic variables are held constant. However, the household environment effect totally disappears during the neonatal period when the socioeconomic factors are controlled for.