Suchergebnisse

Plant research and breeding has a long and successful history in the Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Researchers in the region have been early in adopting plant gene technologies as they developed. This review gives a background, as well as discuss the current and future progress of plant gene technology in these four countries. Country-specific details of the regulation of genetically modified plants are described, as well as similarities and differences in the approach to regulation of novel genome-editing techniques. Also, the development of a sustainable bioeconomy may encompass the application of plant gene technology and we discuss whether or not this is reflected in current associated national strategies. In addition, country-specific information about the opinion of the public and other stakeholders on plant gene technology is presented, together with a country-wise political comparison and a discussion of the potential reciprocal influence between public opinion and the political process of policy development. The Scandinavian region is unique in several aspects, such as climate and certain agriculturally related regulations, and at the same time the region is vulnerable to changes in plant breeding investments due to the relatively small market sizes. It is therefore important to discuss the role and regulation of innovative solutions in Scandinavian plant research and breeding. ; Peer reviewed

The third most important food crop worldwide, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a tetraploid outcrossing species propagated from tubers. Breeders have long been challenged by polyploidy, heterozygosity, and asexual reproduction. It has been assumed that tetraploidy is essential for high yield, that the creation of inbred potato is not feasible, and that propagation by seed tubers is ideal. In this paper, we question those assumptions and propose to convert potato into a diploid inbred line-based crop propagated by true seed. Although a conversion of this magnitude is unprecedented, the possible genetic gains from a breeding system based on inbred lines and the seed production benefits from a sexual propagation system are too large to ignore. We call on leaders of public and private organizations to come together to explore the feasibility of this radical and exciting new strategy in potato breeding. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Genome-editing has revolutionized biology. When coupled with a recently streamlined regulatory process by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the potential to generate transgene-free varieties, genome-editing provides a new avenue for crop improvement. For heterozygous, polyploid and vegetatively propagated crops such as cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum L., genome-editing presents tremendous opportunities for trait improvement. In potato, traits such as improved resistance to cold-induced sweetening, processing efficiency, herbicide tolerance, modified starch quality and self-incompatibility have been targeted utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN reagents in diploid and tetraploid clones. However, limited progress has been made in other such crops including sweetpotato, strawberry, grapes, citrus, banana etc., In this review we summarize the developments in genome-editing platforms, delivery mechanisms applicable to plants and then discuss the recent developments in regulation of genome-edited crops in the United States and The European Union. Next, we provide insight into the challenges of genome-editing in clonally propagated polyploid crops, their current status for trait improvement with future prospects focused on potato, a global food security crop.

Climate change is an ever-growing concern for global food security and crop production. Further adding to these issues is population growth and legislative changes governing the availability of agrichemicals for pest control. Novel crop production methods, which include genetic modification, must be considered for addressing these global food security issues. This project focuses on using one such method, CRISPR/Cas9, to alter the genome of the potato crop, Solanum tuberosum. The importance of potato cannot be overstated, being the third-largest food crop globally, and historically tied to Ireland. The rapidly changing climate and demand for increased yields calls for improvement to the potato, which historically has proven difficult to enhance, due to its tetraploid nature. The project specifically targeted the SGT3 gene, (Rhamnose:beta-solanine/beta-chaconine rhamnosyltransferase), a key gene involved in the production of solanine. The solanine production pathway is crucial to glycoalkaloid synthesis. While low levels of glycoalkaloids contribute to the flavour of potato, higher levels are toxic to humans and it is estimated that 14-27% of the U.S. potato crop is rejected due to dangerous glycoalkaloid levels. By inducing a small, 20 base-pair, deletion in the SGT3 gene, it is anticipated that its function would be disrupted, thus causing glycoalkaloid production to be supressed at an early stage of the pathway. In order to conduct this transformation in a "DNA-free" manner, a modified version of the CRISPR-Cas9 system was used, in which synthetic Cas9 endonuclease and synthetic sgRNA molecules were combined to form a ribonucleoprotien (RNP) complex. This RNP was then delivered to the plant tissue via particle bombardment. Following this, some plants were used for DNA analysis while others were subjected to regeneration protocols. A deletion in the SGT3 region was not detected in vivo, but was successfully digested in vitro, and important steps have been taken to ensuring this method will be more successful in the future. In addition, studies were conducted to examine how two cultivars of potato, Golden Wonder and Maris Piper, grow when exposed to different wavelengths of light and longer photoperiods. The strongest growth response was observed when plants were grown under various combinations of blue and red wavelengths.

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