Suchergebnisse

In the context of intense external and internal economic and social changes, there is a high degree of uncertainty in the financial, commodity, stock and other markets both in individual countries and in the global economy. The consequences of these changes result in increase in the volatility of the exchange rate of domestic currencies of individual countries in relation to the leading world currencies, as well as local investment markets, real estate, business and other assets. The most important task of investors and companies, especially in times of uncertainty, is to make informed management decisions, its purpose is to increase the sustainability of business and investment in business projects. One of the strategies for increasing the sustainability of business and its sustainable development is traditionally compliance with ESG (Environment Social Governance) principles, the advantage of which is the combination and mutual influence in the areas of environmental, social and economic sustainability of activities. Since both enterprises themselves, countries, economies, societies and disclosure of information about them are in constant change, a unified classification system for identifying sustainable economic activity, or "taxonomy", is important. World experience demonstrates, on the one hand, trends towards uniformity of the methodology and concept of the taxonomy of sustainable finance; on the other hand, the individual characteristics of the national economy of a country require adaptation of general concepts to its unique characteristics. Currently, Russian developments in the field of taxonomy of sustainable finance are actively developing, and in this article, research has been carried out on the steps taken in this direction in Russia and the world, and a simplified scheme for determining the areas that fall within the scope of various taxonomy terms has been proposed, modified taking into account Russian specifics.

Rural and peripheral development is still a matter of concern in several western countries. Depopulation, low density of business activities, younger people emigra tion and better-qualified individuals feeling that such regions have been abandoned by the government, and incapable of moving on, are among the key indicators to "understand" rural and peripheral areas. Rural tourism has long been understood as an effective catalyst of change in depressed and deprived (of entrepreneurial capacity) areas and to explore a unique set of amenities. Because of funds directed to help private investment projects in rural tourism facilities, most peripheral areas are now relatively well endowed with key infrastructures. Nevertheless, the tourism lead approach produced mixed results due to low levels of demand in some areas and lack of a cooperative behavior among providers to maximize the opportunities offered by the wide range of attractions. In this paper, we investigate to what extent investments in infrastructure helped the rural tourism sector to attract more visi tors in Madeira. Based on the panel-data approach, this paper provides insights to analyze the development path of rural tourism in Madeira and to explores how local policy makers may be the "missing link" needed to improve the sector prospects based on tangible and intangible amenities. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Project "Organic Agriculture and Rural Tourism Development in Mtskheta-Mtianeti Region" is implemented by Biological Farming Association ELKANA and funded by the Austrian Development Cooperation. It is carried out in two geographic areas – Tianeti Municipality and Lower Pshavi area (Dusheti Municipality) of Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. The overall objective of the project is to create economic opportunities for men and women in deprived rural areas with high potential for sustainable tourism and organic agricultural development. By focusing on generating economic opportunities in these two sectors, the expected impact of the project is to reduce poverty through sustainable local economic development in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. One of the components of the project is to support rural households in target areas to improve their agricultural practices and start sustainable local development initiatives. The project will develop the capacities of target groups by organizing training courses, consultations, and study visits for farmers and businesses.

Being one of the most intrigued topics of financial researchers, rural roads have gained a crucial role in terms of economic promotion of various developing countries lately. Azerbaijan is one of the countries giving preponderance to road infrastructure development and rehabilitation due to accelerated traffic growth rate along with boost of regional and international terrestrial economic and trade relations. To survive as a winning competitor in an economically and commercially severe rivalry, the governmental agencies of Azerbaijan give priority to high-quality projects targeting rapid development of road infrastructure. Current thesis study aims to appraise one of those projects, implemented with the financial support of World Bank and Azerbaijani government, Azerbaijan Rural Investment Project, to find out the level of efficiency and socio-economic vitality of the project's first phase. Embracing roughly half of the total project budget, rehabilitation of rural roads covered totally 2033 km length, which is almost two-third of the total interior roads of the country. The roads also triggered improved social and commercial integration amongst diverse economic zones of the country. The fact makes the road projects of AzRIP-1attractive to be reviewed and studied in terms of their importance and feasibility. To conduct the appraisal, this data and information were obtained from the project owners and primarily the beneficiaries of the project, efforts to review the projects from three different angles classified as Scenario 1, Scenario 2 and Scenario 3. Assuming the whole project funding realized by the government and banking institution (35.6% and 64.4% respectively), Scenario 1 coincides with the original project, actually implemented within the project regions. Reviewed with the first scenario the project outcomes consequently revealed to have a negative financial NPV of 23.4 million USD. However, the economic analysis results and externalities were positive, with NPV comprising 155 and 180 million USD, respectively. In other words, as per Scenario 1, not predicting a toll, the road projects were financially infeasible, while economically beneficial and feasible for the country and the related economic zones. Scenario 2 proposes governmental funds solely for covering project expenses and no loans or any other debts from financial institutions. Similarly to the previous scenario this one also excludes application of tolling system. The results of the analysis suggested negative financial NPV of 7.7 million USD; and positive economic NPV of 155 million USD. Compared with the figures of the first Scenario, decrease in negative financial NPV is three-fold, while the economic NPV remains the same. The results bear out the projects' contribution to socio-economic welfare which indicates that the project has reached its goal. Unlike the first two scenarios the last scenario assumes a toll system on the rehabilitated roads, in line with the similar financial budget arrangements (64.4% bank investment and the remaining part is governmental funding). Scenario 3 outcomes made apparent that both NPVs are positive; 0.055 million USD and 110.7 million USD respectively. The analysis also came to conclusion that particularly direct project beneficiaries would have abundance of advantages from this project outweighing the benefits of the other stakeholders i.e. owners. With an eye on financial benefit, the last Scenario suggests introduction of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) would on one hand inspire private sector involvement in the project and also possibility of implementation extended public projects' implementation without much governmental financial commitments. ÖZ:Mali araştırmacıların büyük ilgisine neden olan kırsal kesimlerdeki yollar son zamanlarda gelişmekte olan çeşitli ülkelerin ekonomik kalkınmasında önemli rol üstlenmektedirler. Süratle artan trafik yoğunluğunun yanı sıra bölgesel ve uluslararası kara ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerinin yükselmesi nedeniyle Azerbaycan da yol altyapısının iyileştirilmesine ve rehabilitasyonuna büyük önem veren ülkeler arasındadır. İktisadi ve ticari bakımdan şiddetli rekabet ortamında kazanan bir rakip olarak hayatta varoluşunu sürdürebilmek adına Azerbaycan'daki hükümet kurumları yol altyapısını hızlıca kalkındırmayı hedefleyen yüksek kaliteli projelere öncelik vermekteler. İşbu tez çalışması o projelerden birisini - Dünya Bankası ve Azerbaycan hükümetinin mali katkısıyla gerçekleştirilmiş olan Azerbaycan Kırsal Sermaye Projesini (AzKSP-AzRIP) değerlendirmeği, projenin ilk aşamasının verimliliğini ve sosyal – ekonomik yaşama gücünü gözden geçirmeği hedeflemektedir. Toplam proje bütçesinin yaklaşık yarısını kapsayan kırsal yolların iyileştirilmesi projesi genel uzunluğu itibariyle tüm ülkede iç yolların üçte ikisini tutan 2033 kilometredir. Bu yollar aynı zamanda ülkenin çeşitli sosyal ve ticari bütünleşmesindeki gelişme sürecini tetiklemiş bulunmaktadır. Bu gerçek AzRIP-1'in yol projelerini önem ve fizibilite bakımından incelenmek için çekici kılmaktadır. Değerlendirmeyi gerçekleştirmek amacıyla bu çalışmanın müellifi proje yetkililerinden ve projenin direk faydalanıcılarından topladığı veri ve bilgilere dayanarak, projeyi Senaryo 1, Senaryo 2 ve Senaryo 3 diye sınıflandırılan üç farklı açıdan incelemeye gayret etmiştir. Projenin tamamen hükümet ve banka müessesesi tarafından (sırasıyla ,6'lık ve ,4'lük kısımlarını) finanse edildiğini farz eden Senaryo 1 proje bölgelerinden gerçekte yürütülmüş orijinal proje durumuyla örtüşmektedir. Senaryo 1 ile incelendiğinde projenin neticelerinin 23,4 milyon Amerikan dolarlına tekabül eden negatif finansal Net Bugünkü Değer'inin (NBD) olduğu görüldü. Ancak yapılan iktisadi analizlerin ve dışsallıkların sonuçları sırasıyla 155 ve 180 milyon Amerikan dolarına tekabül eden NBD değerlerini sundu. Başka deyişle, geçiş ücreti uygulamalarını öngörmeyen Senaryo 1'e göre yapılmış yol projeleri finansal fizibilite açısından uygun olmamakla birlikte, ekonomik açıdan gayet faydalı ve ülke ve ilgili ekonomik bölgelerin kalkınması için uygulanabilir olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Senaryo 2 proje masraflarının yalnızca hükümet kaynaklarıyla karşılanması teklifinde bulunurken hiçbir mali müessesenin borç yahut kredisini öngörmemektedir. Önceki senaryoya benzer şekilde, bu senaryo da yol ücretlendirme uygulama sistemini öngörmemektedir. Analiz sonuçlarında7,7 milyon dolara tekabül eden negatif finansal NBD ve 155 milyon dolara eşdeğer pozitif ekonomik NBD rakamları ortaya çıktı. İlk senaryo ile karşılaştırıldığında negatif finansal NBD rakamlarında üç kat düşüş görülürken, ekonomik NBD aynı sonuçları göstermektedir. Analiz sonuçları projenin sosyal-ekonomik refaha katkı sağladığını ve böylelikle de projenin asıl amacına ulaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. İlk iki senaryodan farklı olarak iyileştirilmiş yollarda geçiş ücreti sistemini ileri süren son senaryo, aynı zamanda önceki iki senaryoyla benzer finansal bütçe düzenlemelerini öngörmektedir (,4 banka sermayesi ve geri kalan kısmı da hükümet finansmanı). Senaryo 3 sonuçları her iki NBD rakamlarının pozitif, sırasıyla 0,055 milyon dolar ve 110.7 milyon dolar olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu analiz özellikle proje direk faydalanıcılarının, proje paydaşlarının, sahiplerinin de bu projeden kazanabilecekleri sayısız avantajların mevcudiyetini ortaya koydu. Finansal yarar açısından baktığımızda son senaryonun teklif ettiği Özel Amaçlı Araçların kullanımı bir yandan özel sektörün projeye katılımını canlandırabilir, diğer bir yandan da daha fazla sayıda toplumsal projelerin hükümetin üzerine yükümlülük koymadan gerçekleştirebilir. ; Master of Science in Banking and Finance. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Banking and Finance, 2015. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Besim.

Conceptualising responsible rural tourism in Asia / Vikneswaran Nair, Ghazali Musa & Amran Hamzah -- Responsible rural tourism in Bhutan : aligning gross national happiness with the Cape Town principles / Sarah Schiffling, Chris Phelan & Karma Pema Loday -- Crown Cave, Guilin : a Chinese perspective on responsible rural tourism / Trevor H.B. Sofield & Fung Mei Sarah Li -- Responsible rural tourism in Japan's tea villages / Lee Jolliffe & Moe Nakashima -- Community garden experience during the off-peak tourism rainy season at Hoi An Heritage Town, Vietnam / Thu Thi Trinh -- Responsible rural tourism initiatives and local community development in Kerala, India / Anu Treesa George, Terry DeLacy & Min Jiang -- Linking responsible rural tourism to agritourism in the Philippines : a case study of Costales Nature Farms / Miguela M. Mena & Charmielyn C. Sy -- Is community-based tourism a tool for the sustainability of the local community and the local economy? The case of Coruh Valley, Turkey / Sıla Karacaoğlu & Medet Yolal -- Community characteristics, social cohesion and the success of community-based tourism : case studies of Vietnam / Tramy Ngo & Nguyen Thi Huyen -- Conversations with the local champions of Miso Walai Homestay : responsible tourism in practice / Amran Hamzah -- 'MlupBaitong' : a pioneer in responsible rural tourism in Cambodia / Trevor H.B. Sofield -- Can tourism be a success story? Stakeholders' management and narratives of rural tourism. Reflexive analysis of a tourism project in Timor Leste / Frederic Bouchon -- The constructs of responsible rural tourism governance for Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysia / Joo-Ee Gan & Vikneswaran Nair -- The quest for an essentially Asian form of rural tourism / Amran Hamzah, Vikneswaran Nair & Ghazali Musa.

Rural tourism in Romania has significant potential. The Romanian effort to develop and promote tourism in the rural area has been completed by the support provided by the European Union funds. In this context, the objective of this paper is to highlight the territorial development of the rural tourism market after the Romania's accession to the European Union. The methodology used is based on the synthesis of information from articles and studies published in specialty journals, in Government documents as well as in other development strategies on tourism and rural space. The results reconfirm that the supply of tourist accommodation in rural areas has shown a general upward trend, despite a slight decline during the global financial crisis, and the investments in rural tourism activity have a great advantage, i.e. job creation and maintaining the local (rural) labour, revitalization of rural localities, mainly those from the less-favoured and remote rural areas.

Background: Community development has over the years become very popular in the development circles. However, efforts and resources expended in improving rural communities through development projects appear to be eroded over time. Failure to integrate evaluation in the project design and periodically assess intended objectives and current results is a major contributory factor. Evaluation has become very significant especially in this era of dwindling donor support. It helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of a project and aids in averting erosion of efforts. This paper practically evaluates community development projects implemented in 4 rural communities in the Eastern region of Ghana using the OECD/DAC five project evaluation criteria which are efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, impact and sustainability. Purpose: The study was conducted to provide a practical example of how community development projects can be evaluated using existing criteria. Also, it is intended to add to existing knowledge on evaluation and encourage project implementers to consider evaluation as an integral part of their implementation. Setting: The study was conducted in four rural communities in two districts in the Eastern region of Ghana. Eastern region is one of the ten regions in Ghana. The projects involved in the study were a School, Clinic, Oil Palm processor, and a Soap and Cosmetics project. Intervention: The study shows practically that evaluation is uncomplicated and can be undertaken in interventions. It outlines clearly the gains and losses that can be generated by community development project. It also outlines the threats and opportunities that exist in the implementation of community development projects. This can be applied in other settings. Research Design: The sample size was 40 made up of 6 NGO staff, 4 local government staff, 2 health assistants and 28 community members including leaders. The community members were sampled randomly while purposive sampling was used for local government, NGO staff and community leaders. Data Collection and Analysis: Data collection included primary methods such as interviews, focus group discussions, photographs, observations, and questionnaire administration as well as secondary methods such as reviews of relevant books, photographs, project reports, policy papers, and relevant websites. Analysis of the data collected was done qualitatively with simple statistical tools. Findings: Some findings of the evaluation were that the school was more relevant, efficient, effective and sustainable. It also had maximum impact. The Oil Palm processor was also more relevant, effective and sustainable. It was however less efficient. The Clinic was less relevant, efficient and effective. It also had less impact on the community. The Clinic was not sustainable. The Soap and Cosmetics project was not relevant, not efficient, not effective not sustainable and did not have any impact on the community. Keywords: development; community; evaluation; projects; relevance; efficiency; effectiveness; impact; sustainability

Rural tourism, based on the active participation of the maximum number of stakeholders and the principles of sustainable development, is now becoming wide spread. The pandemic has also made its "contribution" to the development of the industry, especially the restrictions associated with the spread of the coronavirus infection. The aim of the study is to analyze the state of rural tourism in Novosibirsk Oblast and identify prospects for its development. The object of the study is rural tourism in the region, considered as one of the system-forming factors of the territory's development. The focus of the study is organizational and economic relations arising in the process of formation and development of rural tourism in the region. One of the promising regions in terms of rural tourism development is Novosibirsk Oblast, which has been among the TOP 20 most attractive regions of Russia for travel in recent years. The tourist and recreational complex of the rural areas of Novosibirsk Oblast is diverse and extensive. The authors consider the current state of rural tourism in Novosibirsk Oblast, present the most promising practices, describe the regional authorities' role in the development of rural tourism. The problem of Novosibirsk Oblast is the fact that, currently, historical and archaeological monuments are dispersed throughout the region, have poor accessibility, and many are suitable only for intra-district local history purposes. To include such objects in tourist routes, an integrated approach is needed: the development of master plans for the development of settlements, the preparation of objects for tourists to visit, the improvement of their maintenance and repair, the construction of viewing platforms, the formation of new expositions in museums, the development of legends, guidebooks, etc. In the course of the study, the authors evaluated all districts of Novosibirsk Oblast for the possible development of agrotourism according to the selected criteria and proposed options for their development. Proceeding from this, the main objectives of the development of rural tourism in the region should include: creation of a tourist cluster; introduction of rural areas and their residents to the agrotourism industry; organization of relevant advertising; training of competent personnel to work in rural tourism; creation of an appropriate infrastructure and related services; development and sale of relevant souvenir products; ensuring transport accessibility. Thus, despite the shortcomings in the legal documents, the activities of rural tourism are already carried out in the format of small business in some areas of the region. This indicates both its demand among the population, since it is a new format of tourism, and the development of agriculture. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

This study has explored the development of rural tourism in Zhu Kula Village, Pingchuan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China. In order to obtain the objectives as follows: to study an impact of Zhu Kula village rural tourism on rural development; to study the obstacles of sustainable tourism development of Zhu Kula village, this study applies a quantitative method to understand rural tourism development through interviews and a questionnaire survey, measuring villagers' opinions on rural tourism development. This study randomly selected 76 households and 100 tourists and chose 5 key informants to conduct interview surveys. The results show that 74% of the villagers support the development of local rural tourism, while 98.6% of the villagers believe that this tourism has increased their income and improved their living standards and 97.4% of them agree that tourism promotes local rural development, and most of tourists (95%) deem lack of recreational facilities as the main reason hindering the development of local tourism. The results show that the development of rural tourism projects has had a positive impact on Zhu Kula, which is conducive to promoting local rural development and accelerating economic development. In order to achieve the goal of relying on tourism to help Zhu Kula villagers get rid of poverty and increase wealth. Thus, the government should support the development of local tourism to improve the management of Zhu Kula tourism, such as attracting company investment, increasing entertainment facilities, developing entertainment projects, and improve the tourism service system, to promote sustainable development of rural tourism in Zhu Kula village.

Greek governments have supported investments to rural areas financially either by covering part of the investment and/or offering advantages with respect to interest rate loans or tax advantages. This support had been tendered either by nationally financed programs, called Development Laws, or by other programs, mainly financed by the European Union. The financial support depended on the area where the investment took place, as well as the sector and the nature of the investment. Additionally, another program, the LEADER initiative, was developed. It was financed mainly by the European Union, in order to support investments in rural areas and promote the development and the structural adaptation of the less developed European regions. This paper examines public financial support for investments in rural areas in the case of the region of Thessaly, one of the 13 regions in Greece. Its aim is to point out the importance of investments in the sectors of tourism, industry and agriculture. The region of Thessaly presents obvious interest because of the development of these sectors at different levels, depending on local production characteristics. The time period is the 2000s, when important investments were undertaken in the region, supported financially by Development Laws and the LEADER initiative.