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AbstractItems may be issued from storage by the principle of "first in, first out" or "last in, first out." This paper gives comparisons of the two methods by various criteria.

"20 September 1985." ; Shipping list no.: 85-1041-P. ; "This manual supersedes TM 5-813-4/AFM 88-10, Chap. 4, 2 July 1958"--P. i. ; Cover title. ; Bibliography: p. B-5. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 14

Dutch energy policy foresees a considerable role for such variable electricity sources as photovoltaic and wind energy. This thesis makes it clear that no adequate measures have been taken to account for the variability of these sources. The approach taken by the Dutch government is to extend cross-border connections, to shift demand away from peak hours and to use batteries in electric vehicles and households for energy storage. The thesis argues that the outcome of this approach is uncertain. Especially after 2023 problems with balancing demand and supply will increase, with often no other option than to use gas-fired power plants to prevent a black-out. The thesis makes it plausible that this is detrimental to the attainment of CO2 emission targets set by the Dutch government. This also means that wind turbines and photovoltaic panels have to be switched off when there is a surplus, which is detrimental to their economy. The thesis assesses other storage technologies and concludes that none is able to balance the Dutch grid adequately in the near future. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) is worldwide the dominant and most efficient technology for balancing the grid. Low-cost (or surplus) power is used to pump water up into a reservoir at elevated heights. During high demand and high prices water is released, passing through a turbine connected to a power generator. The thesis describes recent developments in PHS, including turbine technology and the changing role of PHS in the grid. The Netherlands is almost flat and lacks natural locations suitable for PHS. The only option is constructing an artificial height difference. The thesis proposes to construct a reservoir in caverns some 1,400 meters sub-surface in the Dutch region South Limburg. The idea is to circulate water between a small basin at the surface (50 ha) and the deep caverns. An underground PHS (U-PHS) project is proposed with a maximum power of 1,400 MW and a storage capacity of 8.4 GWh, which is essential to balance all wind and solar power currently ...

Bibliography: leaves 95-99. ; The costs of establishing and installing a borehole are high, ranging from R 57 000 to R 180 000 depending on the depth of hole drilled and type of pump installed (DR WS, 1996). Because of these high costs, the Namibian Government has historically taken responsibility for the provision, operation and maintenance of rural water supply. However, in accordance with the principles advocated in the country's new Water and Sanitation Policy (WASP), an emphasis has been placed on shifting this responsibility to the communities utilising these water supplies (DWA, 1993). In April 1997, the Directorate of Rural Water Supply (DRWS) implemented a programme for the "Community Management of Rural Water Supply". This programme is to be phased in over nine years and during this time rural communities are expected to gradually take over full responsibility for the operation and maintenance costs of their water supply. In the final stage of this programme it is envisioned that these communities will be required to replace broken equipment, and provide new installations themselves (DR WS, 1996). Expecting rural communities to pay for the full cost recovery of their water supply will result in obvious socio-economic impacts on these communities (Sekhesa, 1997). However, the present reliance of many rural communities on groundwater resources gives them little alternative but to accept responsibility for the high costs associated with boreholes. This dissertation therefore, aims at assessing the feasibility of developing sand-storage dams as an alternate supply of water in the rural areas of Namibia.

Purpose
In today's competitive retail industry the most critical success factor is customer service which is indicated by product availability. It is argued that in the retail industry, product availability is an important measure of quality. The single most vital decision that every retailer needs to make is, how to maximize service level while keeping minimum inventory level. The purpose of this paper is to explain and demonstrate the relationship between inventory level and customer service level.


Design/methodology/approach
This study examines an inventory system utilizing a simulation model based on company data obtained from a retail fast-moving-consumer goods chain operating in Thailand.


Findings
The results suggest that the achievement of a responsive service level is dependent on managing an efficient supply chain in addition to logistics cost reductions. The findings also reveal the effect the inventory level has on the service level. From the findings of this study, demand variability and service level have been found to have the most significant influence on the inventory level. From the findings, it can also be shown that real and accurate information is very important for service supply chains.


Practical implications
The paper promotes the importance of having an appropriate inventory management policy for a retail chain which should be driven by retail companies in order to better balance inventory and service levels.


Originality/value
The relationship between the inventory level and customer service level lead to different outcomes at different combinations of inventory and service levels. Significant relationships were found between inventory and service levels.