Suchergebnisse

Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Introduction to sunscreens and their UV filters -- 3. Problem formulation : sources, settings, and ecological receptors -- 4. Fate, transport, and potential exposure in the environment -- 5. Bioaccumulation and measured concentrations of UV filters in biota -- 6. Review of studies on the effects of UV filters in aquatic environments -- 7. Sunscreen, preventive health behaviors, and implications of changes in sunscreen use for public health -- 8. Conclusions and recommendations -- Appendix A: Committee member biographies -- Appendix B: UV filter usage -- Appendix C: UV filter water and sediment occurrence data -- Appendix D: Supplementary information for bioaccumulation -- Appendix E: UV filter toxicity data tables -- Appendix F: Studies on behavioral and physiological endpoints on select organic UV filters -- Appendix G: Acronyms, abbreviations, and units -- References.

The sunscreen industry is achieving remarkable worldwide prominence by responding to the growing need for skin protection with fast-paced innovation. Increased consumer awareness of the harmful effects of sunlight has fueled the demand for improved photo protection. The need for broad-spectrum protection from both UVA and UVB rays has inspired scientists worldwide to research new cosmetic formulations and delivery systems. More effective sunscreen actives, emollients and novel cosmetic and functional ingredients have been regularly added to the formulator's repertoire. Creativity in innovation has been hindered only by regulatory agencies and patent restrictions worldwide. Familiarity with the current restrictive regulations and patent law infringements has become integral to any research effort attempting to provide improved protection to individuals affected by the sun's damaging effects. The increasing incidence of skin cancers and photo damaging effects caused by ultraviolet radiation has increased the use of sun screening agents, which have shown bene􀏐icial effects in reducing the symptoms and reoccurrence of these problems. Unlike the situation in Europe where sunscreen ingredients are considered under cosmetics guidelines, the FDA is required to de􀏐ine sunscreens as drugs since they are advertised to prevent sunburn and, more recently, the risk of skin cancer. In the USA, the FDA has been regulating this industry since August 25, 1978, with the publication of the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Sunscreens are considered drugs and cosmetics and therefore must be governed by the FDA-OTC monograph. With the variety of sunscreen agents used in cosmetic and UV protection products, Australia, Canada, and the European Union (EU) have also developed regulatory protocols on safe sunscreen product use. Unlike the USA though, Australia has approved 34 active sunscreen ingredients and the EU has approved 28 of these ingredients. Current FDA regulations allow labeling of sunscreen products to a maximum of 30þ, ...

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: M. Lineros-Rosa, M. A. Miranda, V. Lhiaubet-Vallet, Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 7205, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000123. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. ; [EN] Photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) have been exploited in a wide range of chemical and biological applications, due to their ability to provide spatial and temporal control over light-triggered activation. In this work, we explore the concept of a new photocage compound based on the commercial UVA/UVB filter oxybenzone (OB; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) for photoprotection and controlled release of carbonyl groups. The point here is that oxybenzone not only acts as a mere PPG, but also provides, once released, UV photoprotection to the carbonyl derivative. This design points to a possible therapeutic approach to reduce the severe photoadverse effects of drugs containing a carbonyl chromophore. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Government (project PGC2018-096684-B-I00) and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (FPI grant to M.L.-R.). Carmen Clemente Martínez is acknowledged for her technical help during the UPLC-HRMS experiments. ; Lineros-Rosa, M.; Miranda Alonso, MÁ.; Lhiaubet, VL. (2020). A Sunscreen-Based Photocage for Carbonyl Groups. Chemistry - A European Journal. 26(32):7205-7211. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000123 ; S ; 7205 ; 7211 ; 26 ; 32 ; Silva, J. M., Silva, E., & Reis, R. L. (2019). Light-triggered release of photocaged therapeutics - Where are we now? Journal of Controlled Release, 298, 154-176. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.006 ; Klausen, M., Dubois, V., Verlhac, J., & Blanchard‐Desce, M. (2019). Tandem Systems for Two‐Photon Uncaging of Bioactive Molecules. ChemPlusChem, 84(6), 589-598. doi:10.1002/cplu.201900139 ; Brieke, C., Rohrbach, F., Gottschalk, A., Mayer, G., & Heckel, A. (2012). Light‐Controlled Tools. Angewandte ...

Sunscreen Components Are a New Environmental Concern in Coastal Waters: An Overview -- Sunscreen Regulation in the World -- Chemical UV filters. Analysis in marine waters -- Fate and Behavior of UV Filters in the Marine Environment -- Bioaccumulation and Toxicological Effects of UV-Filters on Marine Species -- The Mediterranean Sea -- Environmental risk assessment of sunscreens -- Sustainable Sunscreens: A Challenge Between Performance, Animal Testing Ban, and Human and Environmental Safety.

AOC against the FDA

The association of sunrays with skin damage have been known since medieval times. The description of the electromagnetic spectrum facilitated the identification of the ultraviolet light spectrum as being responsible for skin damage resulting from prolonged skin exposure. Sunscreens have been used since ancient civilizations with various measures to limit exposure to sun exposure being employed. Awareness of the risks associated with sunrays has been increasing in the last century, and as a result, the science, technologies, and formulation have advanced significantly. The use of sunscreen products continues rising as government health agencies seek to contain increasing cases of UV induced melanomas. Recreational sunbathing and artificial tanning have increased the risk for these diseases significantly. This review article sought to expound the scientific basis of sunscreen use, the classification, formulation, quality control and regulation across the different countries around the world. The literature review was conducted on Google scholar, PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane, BMJ, SCIELO among others.

Gabriella Beaumont-Smith


On July 4th, many Americans will take to the outdoors to celebrate the Declaration of Independence from my home nation, Great Britain. These days, most people know to lather on sunscreen when spending time outside in the summer (though dermatologists insist sun protection is necessary year‐​round). However, sun protection is not only about safety and avoiding painful sunburn but an anti‐​aging procedure. Now that you can safely tan from a bottle, SPF is ubiquitous—in skincare products, lip balms, and makeup. You can even protect yourself from harmful UV rays with special clothing and umbrellas.
While the sun care aisles in stores make it look like the variety in sunscreen and sun protection‐​related products is diverse, the truth is that the actual UV blockers in products available in the U.S. have barely evolved in the last 40 years. The reason is that the Food and Drug Administration has not approved a new active ingredient for sun care products in decades.
The FDA regulates sunscreen as an over‐​the‐​counter drug, and the agency must evaluate and approve the ingredients before the product can be marketed. To reduce the level that UVA and UVB rays can penetrate skin, active ingredients called "filters" are used. In the U.S., only some physical and chemical filters are permitted, but they tend to either leave that chalky residue or make your skin feel greasy. Many consumers have reported that sunscreens available in other countries, primarily the European Union (EU), Australia, and Japan, are much better. The EU allows 27 different active ingredients to block sunburn and skin damage, whereas the FDA has only approved 17. The number of approved ingredients matters because not all filters can seamlessly be formulated into sunscreens or other suitable products for skin application. Moreover, some of the ingredients approved in the EU and Japan but not the US are more effective and long‐​lasting. As a result, the products do not need to be applied as often, giving consumers more bang for their buck.
But, without FDA approval for new and improved active ingredients, foreign companies selling better sun protection products cannot gain access to the U.S. market, and therefore impede consumers from buying superior sun protection. These types of regulations are known as "non‐​tariff barriers (NTBs)," and are an unfortunate response to the considerable trade liberalization that has occurred in the last 75 years. It is estimated that over 75 percent of U.S. industrial imports (essentially everything but agricultural products) are affected by some type of NTB, compared to 50 percent of U.S. industrial imports that are subject to tariffs. Put differently, one‐​quarter of U.S. industrial imports are free from NTBs and one‐​half are free from tariffs. Thus, the coverage of barriers to U.S. imports remains high, costing consumers.
So, as you celebrate America's Independence Day, remember the importance of liberty because it affects everything, even the quality of your sunscreen.

Recent legislative measures restricting the sale of sunscreens containing certain ultraviolet light filtering ingredients (UVFs) have been based on a perception of risk to aquatic life despite the lack of a robust data set to support these decisions. Concerns were focused on the potential for recreational swimmers' and divers' sunscreen use to result in exposures to coral already stressed due to climate change, disease, and other local conditions. In published environmental risk assessments for UVFs, exposure estimates were based on episodic environmental monitoring or estimates of typical sunscreen use, arbitrarily assuming the portion rinsed off from skin in seawater. To improve the accuracy of exposure estimates and thereby develop more robust risk assessments, we measured the amount of the UVFs, avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone released to seawater from four sunscreen products (two lotions, one spray, one stick) in a novel porcine skin model of typical human sunscreen use. Sunscreen was applied to porcine skin, allowed to briefly dry, then exposed to four rinse cycles in artificial seawater. The mass of each UVF in seawater, partitioned from seawater onto glassware, and extractable from skin after rinsing were determined. The proportion rinsed from skin varied by UVF, by formula type, and by application rate. Less than 1.4% of applied octisalate, homosalate, and octocrylene was detected in seawater samples (independent of formula) increasing to an average of 4% and 8% for avobenzone in stick and lotion forms, and to 24% for oxybenzone in lotions. The initial data show substantial differences in rinse‐off among formulation types and sunscreen application rates, and stress the importance of using UVF‐specific rinse‐off values rather than a single value for all UVFs. This new method provides a tool for more robust exposure estimates, with initial data supporting lower rinse‐off values than adopted in published risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:961–966. © 2021 ...

The most commonly used commercial sunscreen agents are aromatic compounds oxybenzone and octinoxate, as they offer a wide range of protection in the UV spectrum. However, oxybenzone has the highest rate of skin irritation, while octinoxate has poor photostability. Oxybenzone is also a genotoxicant and skeletal endocrine disruptor to corals. Appropriate, less toxic and preferentially biorenewable alternatives should be recommended. Lignin, an abundant byproduct of pulp and biorefinery industries, is expected to be an effective replacement for oxybenzone and octinoxate due to its aromatic structure, which, in synergy with a wide variety of functional groups, produces the absorption of energy in the entire UV region. Additionally, lignin is a biocompatible polyphenolic with a strong radical quenching ability, i.e., anti-oxidizing potential. Therefore, it is a promising replacement for synthetic chemicals in cosmetics, sunscreen, and other applications. The UV absorption analysis of selected crude and functionalized lignin samples was conducted, and the results were compared to those of commercially used UV-absorption agents—oxybenzone and octinoxate. The results showed that the total absorption capacity of the lignin samples is lower by 6.4x and 16.3x compared to oxybenzone and octinoxate, respectively; however, it covers a wide absorption range in the UV spectrum. The lignin samples also showed good photostability and color stability, in contrast to the observed yellowing of octinoxate after 3 hours of exposure to sunlight. The UV spectra of some of the lignin samples indicate that their UV absorption capacity was enhanced by as much as 13.31% after exposure to sunlight.