Suchergebnisse

The effect of pH (1.7-3.2) and sugar concentration (64-68 °Brix) on the growth of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii MC9 using response surface methodology was studied. Experiments were carried out in concentrated grape juice inoculated with Z.rouxii at isothermal conditions (23°C) for 60 days. pH was the variable with the highest effect on growth parameters (potential maximum growth rate and lag phase duration), although the effect of sugar concentration were also significant. In a second experiment, the time for spoilage by this microorganism in concentrated grape juice was evaluated at isothermal (23°C) and non-isothermal conditions, in an effort to reproduce standard storage and overseas shipping temperature conditions, respectively. Results show that pH was again the environmental factor with the highest impact on delaying the spoilage of the product. Thereby, a pH value below 2.0 was enough to increase the shelf life of the product for more than 60 days in both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The information obtained in the present work could be used by producers and buyers to predict the growth and time for spoilage of Z.rouxii in concentrated grape juice. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. ; This research was supported by the Technological Project MZASJ51007: Support for Regional Viticulture Development – INTA. The authors wish to thank to the concentrating grape juice industry for providing all the samples used in the present study. M.C. Rojo is a Doctoral student Fellow of CONICET. F.N. Arroyo-López wants to thank CSIC and Spanish government for his Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral research contract. ; Peer Reviewed

In Central and Eastern Europe countries, the sugar industry has undergone a number of structural changes in the post-communist era, especially after accession into the EU in 2004, which implemented a sugar market reform in 2006 and then ended the sugar quota system in 2017. From a long-term perspective, EU sugar industry is undergoing a rapid development – increasing productivity, rising concentration as well as changes in market and regulated environments. For the Polish and Czech sugar industry, changes in the industry concentration can be identified by analysing the development of beet areas, quotas, beet yields, revenues and profits of the sugar industry players. This helps to better define the position of the sugar industry in the whole value chain in Poland and in the Czech Republic. It was noted that the position of the Czech sugar factories in the value chain has increased significantly. In Poland, market concentration at the level of sugar factories has remained stable.

OBJECTIVE. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. METHODS. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. RESULTS. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. CONCLUSIONS. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap.

During evaporation, the loss of sucrose can occur due to acid-catalysed hydrolysis to glucose and fructose, a reaction that is exponential with temperature. This paper reviews non-thermal methods for concentrating juices, mainly focusing on the developments of forward osmosis (FO) membranes for juice processing, detailing the benefits and limitations of this technology. A laboratory FO membrane was used in this preliminary study to concentrate pure sucrose solutions and clarified juice from ~10 to 45% rds using a calcium chloride draw solution. A small amount of reverse salt flux was observed.
The non-sucrose substances in factory juices had little impact on flux performance, with the flux reducing inversely with the volumetric concentration factor. By concentrating to a limit of 45% rds, concentration polarisation factors that can have a detrimental impact on the flux were not realised. Possible strategies were also explored for the integration into the sugar-manufacturing process.

Since the early Colonial times sugar production has been a key sector in the Peruvian export economy. This article analyzes its evolution as from the beginning of its modern phase by mid 19th Century, its consolidation in the Northern coastal region, and its concentration in scale-economy plants. The prosperity of this type of production contributed to the formation of both an oligarchy which governed the country until 1968, and the populist party (APRA) and its electoral basis (the so-called «Aprista North»). In the sixties Velasco Alvarado's military revolution nationalized the sugar industry, which underwent structural changes leading to a serious crisis in the eighties that has not been overcome up-todate. ; La producción de azúcar ha constituido un importante sector en la economía exportadora del Perú desde el período colonial temprano. Este artículo analiza su evolución, sobre todo tras el inicio de su fase moderna, fechada a partir de mediados del siglo XIX, cuando se modernizó, se consolidó en la región costera septentrional y se concentró en fábricas que operaban con economías de escala. Su prosperidad, contribuyó, además, a la formación de una oligarquía que gobernó el país hasta 1968 y del partido populista, APRA, y su base electoral (el llamado «sólido Norte aprista»). La revolución militar de Velasco Alvarado nacionalizó la industria en la década de 1960 y los cambios estructurales que sufrió posteriormente le condujeron a una grave crisis en los años ochenta que aún no ha superado.

Investigates dependence of US senators' voting behavior upon the concentration of economic interests in their states; legislation protecting US domestic production, 1956-87.

Nowadays the dry substance content of sugar syrup and massecuite is measured online using the microwave measuring technology. The available correlations allow accurate control of dry substance content and density in all areas of sugar manufacture. This permits a continuous measurement during the crystallization process, both during the concentration and the magma phase.

The measuring effect and signal analysis of microwave measurement systems are explained and the user benefits are illustrated, resulting in very good process control.

Solutions are proposed for typical application problems such as incrustation, abrasion, purity dependencies and the recognition of breaks between crystallization process using the 'MicroPolar Brix' measurement system. Results acquired with different sensors in various processes and applications are presented.

Besides the accurate and reliable measurement of all products from sugar beet or sugarcane, a high value is placed on simplicity, low maintenance and easy calibration to ensure optimized process control and cost. The automatic calibration feature, which requires no additional PC, is demonstrated.

Abstract
Feeding backyard birds with sugar water is increasingly popular in urban areas, but it has poorly understood effects on bird assemblages. In New Zealand, ca. 20% of households engaged in feeding wild birds use sugar water, often in an attempt to attract native, nectarivorous birds. Developing best practices for sugar water feeding could be a powerful tool for attracting these species in urban areas. However, it is currently unclear whether these feeders actually support native species, and, if so, which feeding practices are most effective in increasing visitation. We surveyed New Zealanders who provide sugar water to birds about their feeding practices via an online questionnaire. The aim of our research was to understand existing practices and their effect on attracting native species, as well as the motivations and social factors behind urban sugar water bird feeding. Our results show that this practice is popular throughout the country with the majority of households successful in attracting native nectarivorous species to their gardens. Sugar water feeder type had the largest effect on reported species richness at feeders in comparison to other factors (e.g. sugar concentration). Feeders specifically designed for nectarivorous birds, namely the Tui Nectar Feeder™, are more successful at attracting natives in comparison to other commonly used feeder types. Thus, individual householder decisions around feeder use can have important consequences for bird species composition in urban gardens. Future research is needed to understand the consequences of sugar water feeding for bird communities and individual bird health.

The possibility of joint treatment of spent sugar beet pulp and wastewater from a sugar factory was studied in this work. Works focused on processing of spent sugar beet pulp separately or together with other substrates can be found in the literature. In the case of some sugar factories, which have spare capacity in the anaerobic reactor on an anaerobic-aerobic wastewater treatment plant, joint processing of spent sugar beet pulp and wastewater from the sugar factory might be an interesting option.

The results of the operation of a pilot plant of an anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 3.5 m3 are discussed. Operation of the pilot plant confirmed the possibility of cofermentation of these materials. The organic loading rate achieved in the anaerobic reactor was higher than 6 kg/(m3·d) (COD), while more than half of the load was provided by spent sugar beet pulp. The addition of sugar beet pulp decreased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the anaerobic reactor and it was even necessary to add nitrogen. However, the nitrogen content in sludge water depends on the C:N ratio in the processed sugar beet pulp, therefore this knowledge cannot be generalized. About 1.5 to 2-fold biogas production can be expected from the cofermentation of wastewater with sugar beet pulp in an anaerobic reactor, compared with the biogas production from just wastewater treatment.

Rural communities in the North West Province of South Africa are among the poorest in the world with an average income of less than ZAR 8.75 (EU 0.875) per day. The South African government has committed itself to upliftment of these communities through job creation and joining of the first and second economies of the country. The Thusanang community project concept was initiated to stimulate job creation and skills development in our local communities through biofuels production. Water is scares in the North West Province with less than 200 mm of rain annually. Crops that do not threaten food security and require little water for energy production is thus favored for use as ethanol feedstock in this area. Sugar beet had been used as a source for sugar production for some time, but its development as a large scale agricultural crop in South Africa has been limited by the large production of sugarcane in tropical areas. Recent trials on tropical sugar beet production in the Eastern Cape and North Western regions of South Africa has shown promise for large scale production of tropical sugar beet for ethanol production. Sweetstem sorghum has attracted the attention of the biofuels world because of the potential of producing both food and ethanol in a single crop. The picture is not that simple though, since the plants usually contain large amounts of fermentable sugar during the flowering period, when the grains for food have not yet been formed, and then the sugar content steadily declines towards the time for harvesting of the grain. A trade­off thus needs to be found between food and energy production. The influence of various process parameters such as pH, initial sugar concentration, yeast concentration and nutrient addition on the ethanol yield obtained from sweet stem sorghum juice and tropical sugar beet juice was studied and the results is reported in this paper. The initial Brix index of the tropical sugar beet used was 21.8 wt% and 40.1wt% for the tropical sugar beet juice and the sweetstem sorghum juice respectively. All juice was fermented without prior filtering or sterilization. The highest initial sugar content was observed for the USA1 sweetstem sorghum cultivar harvested at 3 months (only energy production) and for the Hunni green sweetstem sorghum cultivar harvested at 6 months (food and energy production)

An investigation of US federal legislation with regard to sugar, examining the impact of political party (Democratic or Republican) & constituency-oriented economic interests, based on US Senate roll-call voting patterns 1956-1987. It is shown that senators of states with high concentrations of sugar growers & processors have tended to vote for the sugar program deriving from a New Deal-era (1930s) package of legislation stabilizing & subsidizing markets for a variety of agricultural products. Senators from states that consume large quantities of sugar but do not produce it tend to vote against the program. The effects of the emergence of corn syrup & other substitutes are explored as well & found to follow a similar trend. Changes in voting trends over the years reflect legislative support based on benefit, though many intricacies affect benefit. 2 Tables, 1 Appendix, 27 References. J. W. Stanton

Since sugar beet varieties differ in beet yield and quality, varieties may exist which are more profitable for a harvest including the crown because of a larger crown with a better quality compared to other varieties. In 2009 and 2010 field trials with 8 sugar beet varieties and one fodder beet were conducted at 4 sites, and additionally a field trial with N application from 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha–1. At harvest the crown was removed manually below the green leaf scares, root and crown were analyzed separately. The results show that yield and quality of the crown have not changed in relation to the root during the breeding progress. Differences among varieties in yield and quality continue in the crown. Varieties can, therefore, be chosen according to the known variety characteristics also when the crown is harvested.

For the use in the fermentation process the incorporation of the crown will result in yield increase which is similar for all varieties. There were only little differences in leaf dry matter and similar root to leaf ratios for the sugar beet varieties. Increasing N application caused an increase of the amino N and sodium concentration, which was more pronounced in the crown than in the root. The concentration of invert sugar, raffinose, betaine and glutamine was higher in the crown than in the root. However, changes were similar for all varieties. The effect of these changes in quality on the sugar recovery process can only be studied in processing experiments.

Cashew apples are a source of by-products in the cashew industry. In the present work, a juice product made from cashew apples was produced through vacuum concentration (VC). During VC, a temperature range of 60 to 90°C, and a pressure range of 500 to 650 mmHg were investigated. Total ascorbic acid (TAA), total tannin content (TTC), and total polyphenol content (TPC) after VC were also evaluated. The variation in VC time was observed when the temperature was investigated. The sensory value of the products after mixing citric acid and sugar was evaluated. The results showed that the nutritional parameters were affected by temperature and pressure. TAA and TPC reached their maximum value at 80°C. The TTC was strongly hydrolysed with increasing VC temperature. Furthermore, negative correlation between vacuum pressure and nutrition was observed. Cashew apple juice after VC diluted with water (1:5), and mixed with sugar (20 g/L) and citric acid (0.2 g/L) was preferred by consumers. TAA, TPC, and TTC were monitored for 42-day storage under two temperature conditions of 35 and 45°C. The shelf life of the product reached 117 d. These results set the platform for the development of beverage products from cashew apple by-products, thereby improving the economy of the cashew industry in Vietnam and the world.