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The policy model assumed by most writers on policy analysis neglects the implications of the fact that most new policies in contemporary Western political systems are in fact replacing old policies, & that this is increasingly likely to be the case. Similarly, the recent interest in "policy termination" is partly misplaced since it fails to adequately follow through the implications of the fact that most policy terminations lead to policy succession. A model is sketched that describes the distinctive features of the policy succession process in the context of policy change, the various kinds of succession that occur, & implications for policymakers. 1 Table, 2 Figures, 32 References. HA.

THIS PAPER SUGGESTS THAT THE POLICY MODEL ASSUMED BY MOST WRITERS ON POLICY ANALYSIS NEGLECTS THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE FACT THAT MOST "NEW" POLICIES IN CONTEMPORARY WESTERN POLITICAL SYSTEMS ARE IN FACT REPLACING OLD POLICIES, AND THAT THIS IS INCREASINGLY LIKELY TO BE THE CASE. SIMILARLY, THE RECENT INTEREST IN "POLICY TERMINATION" IS PARTLY MISPLACED SINCE IT FAILS TO FOLLOW THROUGH ADEQUATELY THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE FACT THAT MOST POLICY TERMINATIONS LEAD TO POLICY SUCCESSION. ACCORDINGLY, THERE IS A NEED TO STUDY AND ANALYSE THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN POLICY SUCCESSION. THIS PAPER PLACES POLICY SUCCESSION IN THE CONTEXT OF POLICY CHANGE, SKETCHES A MODEL WHICH DESCRIBES THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE POLICY SUCCESSION PROCESS, OUTLINES THE VARIOUS KINDS OF POLICY SUCCESSION WHICH OCCUR, AND DRAWS OUT SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY MAKERS RESULTING FROM THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF POLICY SUCCESSION.

There are two sets of transitions which most family businesses face. (i) There are often conflicts between fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, and non-family members over who will take over the business. (ii) The family business is also responding to problems relating to growth and adaptation, and the need for management systems that goes beyond the persistence and personality of the founder. This paper provides a framework for understanding how these two processes are interlinked. Family and company transitions both require changes in the organisation's direction and focus. This paper suggests that family and company transitions provoke different reactions making it necessary to respond in different ways.

The constant and variable elements of the formation of medieval nomadic empires are the focus of the study. The basic economic system of pastoral nomads including the species composition of the herd and routes of migrations remained stable. There are several characteristics of the socialpolitical organisation of nomadic empires which played a decisive role: tribal and supratribal genealogical loyalties, principle of administrative division of the empire; military-hierarchical character nomadic organisation; postal service; specific system of power succession. These elements were also exposed to change. However, several dynamic elements such as technology of transport, weapon and military arts, urbanisation, writing system, and world religions were due to the contacts with the neighbouring agricultural world.

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate and explain the power dynamics involving the mother (as the founder) and the daughter (as the successor) during the business transmission process.


Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative research was conducted on a sample of Italian family SMEs. The adopted approach is consistent with the narration paradigm, where the biographical features of the participant are investigated to highlight the culture, value systems and other background features.


Findings
This research suggests that if the founder is her mother, the daughter faces further challenges. Findings suggest that during business transmission, it is also important to consider the cultural and contextual factors, such as gender biases, both in the family and in the workplace. This paper seems to suggest that power is important in itself, regardless of the gender of those who exercise it.


Research limitations/implications
Future research should investigate, quantitatively, the same issues considered in this research, to assess the reliability and validity of the evidence discussed here.


Practical implications
This paper suggests how to overcome dysfunctional dynamics in mother–daughter business transmission.


Social implications
Family firms are the most widespread type of firm in the world; as a consequence, systematic failures in business transmission represent a prominent socio-economical problem for policymakers and institutions.


Originality/value
This research shows that in family business, power is not dynamic and does not shift among family members, as suggested by previous research. Even once the mother retires, a stable power hierarchy remains within the family firm.

What is the relative importance of structural versus contextual forces in the birth and death of scientific theories? We describe a formal dynamic model of the birth, evolution, and death of scientific paradigms based on Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The model represents scientific activity as a changing set of coupled institutions; a simulated ecology of interacting paradigms in which the creation of new theories is stochastic and endogenous. The model captures the sociological dynamics of paradigms as they compete against one another for members, solve puzzles, and recognize anomalies. We use sensitivity tests and regression to examine the role of intrinsic versus contextual factors in determining paradigm success. We find that situational factors attending the birth of a paradigm largely determine its probability of rising to dominance, while the intrinsic explanatory power of a paradigm is only weakly related to the likelihood of success. For those paradigms surviving the emergence phase, greater explanatory power is significantly related to longevity. However, the relationship between a paradigm's "strength" and the duration of normal science is also contingent on the competitive environment during the emergence phase. Analysis of the model shows the dynamics of competition and succession among paradigms to be conditioned by many positive feedback loops. These self-reinforcing processes amplify intrinsically unobservable microlevel perturbations in the environment—the local conditions of science, society, and self faced by the creators of a new theory—until they reach macroscopic significance. Such path dependent dynamics are the hallmark of self-organizing evolutionary systems. We consider the implications of these results for the rise and fall of new ideas in contexts outside the natural sciences such as management fads.

ObjectiveThis article analyzes the operational dynamics of Boko Haram, the largest radical Islamist organization engaged in acts of terrorism in Nigeria.MethodWe analyze Boko Haram's terrorist campaign using information gathered from 1,086 successful attacks that occurred between July 2009 and December 2014. We examine the operational tempo of attacks on a monthly basis, identify the primary tactics employed in and targets of those attacks, and assess the outcome of each successful attack in terms of severity metrics.ResultsWe find that despite leadership changes, Boko Haram has increased the frequency of attacks, gained international media attention, and continues to pose a serious threat to security in West Africa.ConclusionsThe analysis provides a series of insights into why Boko Haram was able to complete a leadership succession and achieve this success after its initial defeat despite internal and external factors that have undermined prior terrorist campaigns. Consequently, unless the internal and/or external dynamics are altered, Boko Haram is likely to continue to conduct attacks and remain a serious threat to Nigeria and to the security of adjoining countries in West Africa.