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Cover title. ; "October 1989." ; Shipping list no.: 90-557-P. ; Mode of access: Internet.

It has been suggested that moves towards Just In Time systems of production bring with them a fundamental change in the nature of the buyer-supplier relationship. New long-term, high-trust relationships are supposed to replace a win:win for the old win:lose equation. Equally, the new flexibility demanded of suppliers is supposed to favour the small firm. Elements of this analysis have been incorporated into variants of the post-Fordist paradigm. Based on research on high technology industries in Hertfordshire, this paper questions both assumptions. It is argued that small firms will be excluded from JIT style buyer-supplier relations. Furthermore, there is little evidence of a new form of cooperation emerging. Uneven and partial introduction of JIT systems is causing problems, the costs of which are being pushed onto suppliers by large firms.

This study analyses the nature and scope of production sub-contracting linkages in Nigeria. The basic concepts are integration and industrial linkage, and production subcontracting. Data for this study were collected from the 68 contracting firms among the 15 industrial estates/areas in the Lagos region. (...) This study shows that production subcontracting carried out over relatively short distances became very important after the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Nigeria, and it is perceived as most useful in reducing the costs of production. (Afr Dev/DÜI)

As construções criadas através da abstração e fīdūcia, como moeda corrente, precisam de construções diferentes das aplicadas às realidades corpóreas. Energia, por natureza e, agora, por intenção legislativa, é dinâmica, fungível e representa mudança que não é possível harmonizar com a lógica do conjunto de "coisas" imutáveis, determinadas e concretas. Isto exige análise meta-jurídica (como a construção dominante não se sustenta para fenômenos incorpóreos e dinâmicos) e uma reconstrução de entidades e classes, de uma entidade (substância), para o sistema. Além de "coisas", são rēs, não apenas o que é "percebido pelos sentidos", mas também, o que emerge da autonomia da vontade. Além disso, o tempo é uma variável contínua e, não podemos postular um ordenamento jurídico onde todos os fenômenos (e normas) são discretos. Esta dissertação está estruturada em 5 capítulos: I - Substantia (como a eletricidade, é o objecto do contrato) vai ser tratado: § (De)construção (constitutiva) de posição jurídica unilateral (fōrma), com base no princípio da autonomia da vontade (associado à responsabilidade), limitada pelo princípio da boa fé. Seus atributos, em relação a outras posições aquisitivas (testando), como um direito dispositivo e seus efeitos e, soluções subsequentes (e correções) dentro do ordenamento jurídico. § Categorias, como a criação de entidade ou definição, dos atributos de uma determinada substância. Derivado, os conceitos de Commixtiō e Cōnfūsiō também serão abordados. § Posição, em que é definida a substantia do PPA. II - Vectores, a direcção (como a transferência de uma determinada posição) ligada com o tempo, sob um sistema causal e consensual, integrados no MIBEL e as suas modalidades contratuais, como mercado de futuros. Por fim será construído, como um contrato contínuo com vários despachos (como uma função vectorial).III – Tensores, são apresentadas as várias transformações, que um conjunto de elementos e entidades podem definir para alcançar a sua causa final, nomeadamente, se for utilizada uma infraestrutura comum. IV - Sistema, onde substantia, vectores e tensores se inserem, no sistema de referência, nomeadamente os termos e condições, em conexão com os regulamentos actuais que (podem) formatar tais termos, como o transporte e despacho. V - Epílogo, são as conclusões finais e observações. É resumido nos anexos: § Descrição do mercado e suas dependências, devido à natureza da energia. § A compreensão na doutrina, jurisprudência e, outros sistemas jurídicos. ; The constructions created through abstraction and fīdūcia, as currency, needed different constructions of the ones applied to corporeal realities. Energy, by nature, and now, by legal intent, is dynamic, fungible and represents a change that is not possible to harmonise with the logic of the immutable, determined and concrete set of "things". This demands a meta-juristic analysis (as the dominant construction does not hold incorporeal and dynamic phenomena) and, reconstruction of entities and classes, from an entity (substantia), to the system. Besides "things" there are facts, not only those "perceived by the senses" but also, emerging from the autonomy of the will. Also, time is a continuous variable and, we cannot postulate a legal system where all phenomena (and norms) are discrete. This dissertation is structured into 5 chapters, whereas: I - Substantia, as electricity, is the subject matter of the analysed contract, it will be analysed: § The (de)construction of (constitutive) unilateral juridical position (fōrma), based on the principle of autonomy of the will (associated with responsibility), limited by the principle of good faith. Its attributes, namely regarding other acquisitive positions (tested), as the right of disposal and effects and, subsequent solutions (and corrections) within the legal system. § Categories, as entity creation or definition, as attributes of a given substance. As a derivative, the concepts of Commixtiō and Cōnfūsiō are also addressed. § Position, where it is defined the substantia of the PPA. II - Vectors, the direction (as the transfer of a given position) linked with time, under a causal and consensual system, integrated with MIBEL, its contracting modalities, namely as a futures market). Lastly, will be constructed, as a continuous contract with several dispatches (as a vector value function). III – Tensors, presents several transformations, that a set of elements and entities may define, for achieving its final cause, namely if using a common infrastructure.IV - System, takes substantia, vectors and tensors, and are inserted in a coordinate system, namely the main terms and conditions, connecting with the current regulations that (may) shape such terms, as transportation and dispatch. V - Epilogue, are the final conclusions and remarks. There are summarised in the annexes: § Description of the market and its dependencies, due to the nature of energy; § Understanding, doctrine, jurisprudence and, other legal systems.

This article discusses the application of contract law principles to the relationship between hospitals and patients to determine how much patients owe for the health care they receive. For patients who are covered by in-network health insurance the exact nature of the contract created with the hospital usually is not relevant to the patient's financial obligation because the patient's contract with the hospital is superseded by the contract between the patient's health insurer and the hospital. Nevertheless, even in-network patients are financially impacted, via increased insurance premiums, by the contract analysis discussed here, and for the increasing number of patients who are self-pay the contract entered into with the hospital will determine the amount that the patient is obligated to pay. Self-pay patients include patients who have insurance but are receiving care out-of-network or have socalled high-deductible plans, which do not apply until the deductible has been met, and uninsured patients. As networks become narrower the number of self-pay patients increases dramatically. Moreover, the ability of hospitals to threaten to bill out-of-network patients for exorbitant list prices forces insurers to agree to excessive payments for in-network hospitals, thereby driving up premiums for in-network patients. Contract law determines the financial relationship between self-pay patients and providers. For example, depending on the facts and circumstances surrounding a patient's admission to the hospital, the patient's financial obligation may be determined by an express contract, if an admission type agreement is signed and found to be enforceable, an implied-in-fact contract, based on the conduct of the parties, or a quasi-contract, sometimes called an implied-in-law contract, if the patient was unable to contract because, for example, the patient was unconscious when admitted. Self-pay patients, who enter the hospital through the emergency department, simply lack capacity to contract due to the rushed, ...

This study analyses the nature and scope of production sub-contracting link ages in Nigeria. The basic concepts are integration and industrial linkage, and production subcontracting. Data for this study were collected from the 68 contracting firms among the 15 industrial estates/areas in the Lagos region. The study's finding shows that the dominant form of sub-contracting is speciality sub-contracting. The various products of sub-contracting among the industrial estates/areas in the Lagos region, and between the Lagos region and the rest of Nigeria are discussed. Independent sub-contracting is the most common type of sub-contracting relationship. While over 50 percent of the contractors engage the services of a maximum of two subcontractors, it is only in motor vehicles and the miscellaneous assembly industry group that production sub-contracting accounted for more than 30 percent of the total costs of production. It accounted for about 20 percent in each of all the other industry groups in any of the years under consideration. Furthermore, this study shows that production sub contracting carried out over relatively short distances became very important after the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Nigeria, and it is perceived as most useful in reducing the costs of production.

Firms operating on production linkages through vertical integration with other firms are generally expected to possess a secured market for their output and better accessibility to inputs. We test the hypothesis whether or not the informal firms operating on contracts with formal firms/agencies/contractors are more efficient in terms of technical efficiency vis-à-vis other firms. To test the hypothesis, the paper analyzes the efficiency performance of the informal enterprises in India across enterprises of two states (selected on the basis of level of development) using two stage Data Envelopment Analysis technique. The paper uses the large sample enterprise level data of National Sample Survey Organisation. It is observed that in the developed state (Delhi) firms on contracts are less efficient, while they are more efficient in the less developed state (Orissa). The results further reveal that enforcement of regulations makes the firms more inefficient.