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John Locke is generally seen as an unequivocal defender of private property. However, taken normatively, certain aspects of his argument leave room for interesting loopholes with relevance to some of today's social and political crises. This paper focuses largely on the spoilage proviso – in which Locke warns against appropriating more than one can make use of – and its possible application to abandoned buildings and the potential for legitimate productive use to be made of them by people other than the legal owner. Using two case studies in which squatters have actively reversed the dereliction of abandoned buildings, this article aims to build a defence of certain types of squatting based on the limitations Locke has placed on the appropriation and (by some readings) the retention of property.

Capsicum products, such as chilli powder, paprika, sauces, and spice mix, have highly been consumed worldwide.In Chile, berry fruits of Capsicum annuum L. cv. "Cacho de Cabra" are used for the manufacture of a traditional pepper powder known as Merkén. Two alert notifications regarding the presence of Ochratoxin A in Merkén have been reported by the Chilean Ministry of Health. These alerts have triggered concern mainly due to the food safety of Capsicum derivative products and the health risks to which the Chilean population consumers of Merkén may be subjected. In this context, the main aim of this work was to review the critical points of mycotoxin contamination in the Capsicum production chain used for Merkén manufacture in Chile; outlining the possible causal agents of mycotoxin contamination in Merkén production chain. Current national and international legislation on mycotoxin contamination in pepper and its derivative are here discussed. Moreover, preventive and corrective measures adopted by the Chilean regulators' agencies to control mycotoxin in this spice are also discussed. ; Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) which supports the J.C. PhD grant no 21181445; Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile) with partial funding from the Project DIUFRO PIA 19-0001 lead by C.S.; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit), COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-006684) and the BioTecNorte operation ...

Aerobic bacterial spores are an important group of microorganisms in raw milk. These microbes are thermoduric, whereas the vegetative forms are thermophilic, thermoduric and psychrotrophic and reduce the shelf life of pasteurized milk. In Brazil, there are a lack of studies on the load of aerobic spores in raw milk; thus, little is known about the spoilage activity of these organisms. The aim the present study was to quantify the aerobic spores in Brazilian refrigerated raw milk of dairy region of Castro, Paraná state, assess the potential proteolytic and/or lipolytic isolates and identify the microorganisms derived from the germination. Twenty milk samples were evaluated, and the aerobic spore count was performed after plating the samples following heat treatment at 80°C for 12 min. The activity proteolytic and lipolytic isolates were evaluated through subculture on milk agar and tributyrin agar, respectively, and these microorganisms were identified using partial 16S rRNA gene sequences that were compared through GenBank. The aerobic spore counts ranged from 1 to 3.7 log CFU.mL-1, with a mean of 1.75 (± 0.59) log CFU.mL-1. After spore germination, 137 aerobic bacterial isolates were obtained, 40 of which (29.2%) showed milk spoilage activity. Among these, 31 isolates (77.5%) were proteolytic and lipolytic, seven isolates (17.5%) were exclusively lipolytic and two isolates (5%) were only proteolytic. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, Bacillus licheniformis (55%), Bacillus spp. (27.5%), Paenibacillus spp. (7.5%), Bacillus pumilus (5%), Bacillus circulans (2.5%) and Brevibacillus spp. (2.5%) were identified. Studies of Brazilian raw milk microbiota have not yet described B. circulans which are frequently detected in milk from other countries. Among the 22 B. licheniformis isolates, 21 microbes (95.5%) showed proteolytic and lipolytic activity, and one isolate (4.5%) exhibited only proteolytic activity. The two B. pumilus isolates were proteolytic and lipolytic, whereas the B. circulans isolate was only lipolytic. Among the 11 Bacillus spp. isolates, eight isolates (72.7%) were proteolytic and lipolytic, one isolate (9.1%) was proteolytic and the other two isolates (18.2%) were lipolytic. The three Paenibacillus spp. and Brevibacillus spp. isolates were primarily lipolytic. Therefore, to extend the shelf life of pasteurized milk, preventive measures must be adopted to reduce contamination with spores because one-third of these microorganisms exhibited proteolytic and/or lipolytic activity.

Electoral systems vary in terms of the choice and influence they offer voters. Beyond selecting between parties, preferential systems allow for choices within parties. More proportional systems make it likely that influence over who determines the assembly's majority will be distributed across relatively more voters. In response to systems that limit choice and influence, we hypothesize that voters will cast more blank, null, or spoiled ballots on purpose. We use a regression discontinuity opportunity in French municipal elections to test this hypothesis. An exogenously chosen and arbitrary cutpoint is used to determine the electoral rules municipalities use to select their assemblies. We find support for our reasoning—systems that do not allow intraparty preference votes and that lead to disproportional outcomes provoke vote spoilage. Rates of vote spoilage are frequently sufficient to change control over the assembly if those votes had instead been cast validly for the second-place party.

South Africa has been challenged with loadshedding for the past decade. Most recently, loadshedding became a crisis as the year 2022 was reportedly the most in which electricity was load shed compared to the previous years. Guided by the South African Constitution of 1996, the right of South Africans to access electricity is embedded within the constitutional obligations of Eskom. The power utility is mandated to provide reliable electricity supply and ensure just administrative action when taking actions that deprive citizens of electricity access (Pieterse, 2023). In practice, however, it has become evident that rendering services such as electricity remains a major challenge. South Africans experience loadshedding daily, which affects their energy usage. In essence, loadshedding has impacted negatively, especially the disadvantaged. Despite planned loadshedding stages, households still experience direct impacts of loadshedding. Appliances such as refrigerators become mal-functional, resulting in food kept in cool temperatures being spoiled. Although loadshedding food spoils have been identified as a phenomenon at household level, the current response in terms of household planning and awareness has not been adequately documented. The paper aims to address this by arguing that there is a need for households to engage in targeted measures that help households cope and adapt to loadshedding food spoils. Furthermore, the study provides a TO-DO list on how households can improve their ability to adapt and cope with loadshedding. The paper used a qualitative methodology focused on analysing the lived experiences of News24 participants. Literature review was conducted where journal articles, newspapers and books were analysed. Thereafter, lessons are drawn from literature, to develop and provide a way forward towards dealing with loadshedding food spoilage at household level. The findings of the paper conclude that effective loadshedding and food spoil adaptation can limit food spoilage. Keywords: Loadshedding, Energy, Refrigerator, Food spoil, Food waste, Household adaptation

Abstract
This paper reconstructs the conceptual foundations of Locke's unilateralist theory of original appropriation through a critical comparison with the rival compact theories of Grotius and Pufendorf. Much of the normative and conceptual framework of Locke's theory is common to theirs. Integrating his innovative doctrines on labour and natural self-proprietorship into this received theoretical framework logically required Locke to make several conceptual amendments. I highlight three all but overlooked revisions: (i) an unusually broad conception of labour; (ii) a reduction of mere use-rights to property rights; and (iii) a novel non-self-preservationist interpretation of the divine authorization to use natural resources in common. The reconceptualization of 'labour' is theoretically the most fundamental, underpinning the other two. My contextual reconstruction enhances our grasp of the structure of Locke's theory of original appropriation. It also reveals Locke's main objection to compact theories to be an external one, hinging on idiosyncratic conceptualizations of key notions.