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The Puerto Rican debt crisis, the challenges of social, political, and economic transition in Cuba, and the populist politics of Duterte in the Philippines—these topics are typically seen as disparate experiences of social reality. Though these island territories were colonized by the same two colonial powers—by the Spanish Empire and, after 1898, by the United States—research in the fields of history and the social sciences rarely draws links between these three contexts. Located at the intersection of Postcolonial Studies, Latin American Studies, Caribbean Studies, and History, this interdisciplinary volume brings together scholars from the US, Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines to examine the colonial legacies of the three island nations of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Instead of focusing on the legacies of US colonialism, the continuing legacies of Spanish colonialism are put center-stage. The analyses offered in the volume yield new and surprising insights into the study of colonial and postcolonial constellations that are of interest not only for experts, but also for readers interested in the social, political, economic, and cultural dynamics of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines during Spanish colonization and in the present. The empirical material profits from a rigorous and systematic analytical framework and is thus easily accessible for students, researchers, and the interested public alike.

Part 1. An Archipelagic View on (Post-)Colonial Legacies -- Part 2. The Past and Present of the Political Economy and Authority in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines -- Part 3. The Past and Present of the Hierarchization of Difference and Power in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines -- Part 4. The (Post-)Colonial Legacies of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines: A Comparative View.

Este artículo contiene 28 páginas, 7 figuras, 2 tablas. ; Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science research has been occasionally innovative, incorporating novel technologies (e.g. species distribution modelling) and engaging society with citizenscience approaches. However, the ratio between basic/theoretical and applied studies indicates that more applied research/management is needed, especially in inland waters and marine ecosystems. We call for increasing effort in the effective dissemination of experience in IAS management to enhance current practical knowledge, including that of schemes undertaken by public agencies. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (InvaNET network, RED2018‐102571‐T). Additional financial support was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, UE) (grants PID2020- 118550RB, PID2019-103936GB-C21, RTI2018-093504-B-I00) and the Government of Catalonia (ref. 2017 SGR 548). RMM benefitted from a postdoctoral Juan de la Cierva Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJCI2016-30829). ; Peer reviewed

Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science research has been occasionally innovative, incorporating novel technologies (e.g. species distribution modelling) and engaging society with citizen-science approaches. However, the ratio between basic/theoretical and applied studies indicates that more applied research/management is needed, especially in inland waters and marine ecosystems. We call for increasing effort in the effective dissemination of experience in IAS management to enhance current practical knowledge, including that of schemes undertaken by public agencies. © 2021. Rafael Muñoz-Mas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation RED2018‐102571‐T ; Spanish State Research Agency, Spanish State Research Agency, European Regional Development Fund PID2020- 118550RB, PID2019-103936GB-C21, RTI2018-093504-B-I00 ; Government of Catalonia 2017 SGR 548 ; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation FJCI2016-30829 ; Peer reviewed

Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science ...

Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science ...

Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science research has been occasionally innovative, incorporating novel technologies (e.g. species distribution modelling) and engaging society with citizen-science approaches. However, the ratio between basic/theoretical and applied studies indicates that more applied research/management is needed, especially in inland waters and marine ecosystems. We call for increasing effort in the effective dissemination of experience in IAS management to enhance current practical knowledge, including that of schemes undertaken by public agencies.

Mutualistic interactions between plants and animals promote integration of invasive species into native communities. In turn, the integrated invaders may alter existing patterns of mutualistic interactions. Here we simultaneously map in detail effects of invaders on parameters describing the topology of both plant-pollinator (bi-modal) and plant-plant (uni-modal) networks. We focus on the invader Opuntia spp., a cosmopolitan alien cactus. We compare two island systems: Tenerife (Canary Islands) and Menorca (Balearic Islands). Opuntia was found to modify the number of links between plants and pollinators, and was integrated into the new communities via the most generalist pollinators, but did not affect the general network pattern. The plant uni-modal networks showed disassortative linkage, i.e. species with many links tended to connect to species with few links. Thus, by linking to generalist natives, Opuntia remained peripheral to network topology, and this is probably why native network properties were not affected at least in one of the islands. We conclude that the network analytical approach is indeed a valuable tool to evaluate the effect of invaders on native communities. ; Funding to AT and MN by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education and FEDER funds of the European Union (CGL2004-0161BOS and CGL2007-61165BOS projects) is gratefully acknowledged. BP received a FPI grant by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education and TB and JMO were supported by the Danish Science Research Council. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed

Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science ...

Oceanic archipelagos are excellent systems for studying speciation, yet inference of evolutionary process requires that the colonization history of island organisms be known with accuracy. Here, we used phylogenomics and patterns of genetic diversity to infer the sequence and timing of colonization of Macaronesia by mainland common chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), and assessed whether colonization of the different archipelagos has resulted in a species-level radiation. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of the complex we generated a molecular phylogeny based on genome-wide SNP loci obtained from genotyping-by-sequencing, we ran ancestral range biogeographic analyses, and assessed fine-scale genetic structure between and within archipelagos using admixture analysis. To test for a species-level radiation, we applied a probabilistic tree-based species delimitation method (mPTP) and an integrative taxonomy approach including phenotypic differences. Results revealed a circuitous colonization pathway in Macaronesia, from the mainland to the Azores, followed by Madeira, and finally the Canary Islands. The Azores showed surprisingly high genetic diversity, similar to that found on the mainland, and the other archipelagos showed the expected sequential loss of genetic diversity. Species delimitation methods supported the existence of several species within the complex. We conclude that the common chaffinch underwent a rapid radiation across Macaronesia that was driven by the sequential colonization of the different archipelagos, resulting in phenotypically and genetically distinct, independent evolutionary lineages. We recommend a taxonomic revision of the complex that takes into account its genetic and phenotypic diversity. ; The research was funded by Spain's Ministry of Science grants CGL2015-66381P, PGC-2018-098897-B-I00, and PGC2018-097575-B-I00. MR was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (FPU16/05724), and JCI was funded by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias (Ref.: IDI/2018/000151). ; Peer reviewed

This article is devoted to the efforts of Francoist Spain to ensure the defense of the Canary Archipelago in 1940–1942. The obviousness of British plans to conquer Macaronesia forced the Spaniards to take measures to preserve sovereignty over the islands. The goal was achieved in conditions of resource scarcity and the threat of a naval blockade. In this situation, the leadership of the defense resorted to emergency measures. A partial mobilization of people and resources was carried out on the archipelago. The metropolis found reserves of weapons and military equipment, which made it possible to equip thecreated group. Thescarcity of the material base limited thecapabilities of thecontingent, but its presence made it possible to prevent the primary plans of a potential enemy. The article concludes that the Spanish military preparations, along with the political and operational situation, prevented the planned British expansion against the Iberian archipelagos.

The Habitat Directive (DH) was approved in 1992 and listed plant species in three sections: Annex II taxa for including their core areas in the Natura 2000 network; Annex IV taxa to apply a strict protection within and outside Natura 2000 sites; and Annex V taxa for ensuring their sustainable exploitation. Nowadays, DH covers over 480 plant species from 28 Member States. Spain is the country that contributes the largest number of plants to the Annexes of the DH, with more than 200 species (177 in Annex II, 198 in Annex IV and 13 in Annex V). The total figure represents 2.9% of the national flora (Peninsular Spain plus the Canarian and Balearic archipelagos) and such species have been later included in state and regional protection laws. On all of them, a sexennial report must be presented in accordance with DH article 17. The selection of plants for the Annexes, made in the 1980s, was already questioned shortly after its inception in Spain (Domínguez et al., 1996). Particularly, Annex II mixed cases of the greatest conservationist urgency with scarcely threatened species, probably due to a lack of information. More worrying than this heterogeneity was the fact that a copious number of truly threatened plants, previously collected at the Bern Convention, had been left out of the Annexes. Since its approval in 1992, the DH has only been modified to include species from the new Member States that joined the European Union. Biases and gaps detected in the annexes have not been corrected in these 25 years of implementation and their inconsistencies have manifested more clearly as studies were expanded: from the 439 covered by the Spanish Red Book of vascular flora (IUCN categories CR, EN and VU), only 82 were included in the DH (Bañares et al., 2004). The recent fitness check of the European Nature Directives is correct when talking about the umbrella effect of the combination of Annexes of the Directives on the conservation of European endangered species, what led it to discourage any 'change in the list of species listed in the Annexes at this stage'. The recent economic crisis has aggravated the lack of adequacy of funds for research and monitoring of threatened species, a good part of which is destined to elaborate the European sexennial reports. This detracts resources for the monitoring of already endangered plants outside the Annexes which have been diverting for 25 years in studies of less or not at all vulnerable species. After this analysis, I suggest some measures to improve current DH efficiency and discuss possible lines of reform of its Annexes. References Bañares, Á., G. Blanca, J. Güemes, J.C. Moreno, S. Ortiz, 2004. Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. Táxones prioritarios. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid. Domínguez, F., D. Galicia, L. Moreno, J.C. Moreno, H. Sainz, 1996. Threatened plants in Peninsular and Balearic Spain. A report based on the EU Habitats Directive. Biological Conservation 76: 123-133. ; peerReviewed