AbstractThis paper compares duopsony profit‐maximization and sportsman leagues and analyzes the effects of revenue sharing in both leagues. This involves formulation of a duopsony model that compares game‐theoretic approaches and price‐taking models. This duopsony game is played in open and closed talent markets with a supply function that approaches perfect inelasticity in the limit. The analysis explores welfare optimality of competitive balance, fan preference and revenue sharing. Revenue sharing minimizes payrolls and reduces overall talent in profit‐max leagues. This leads to the conclusion that a sportsman league with optimal revenue sharing is welfare superior.
The birth of cinema marks a story of fascination and optical illusions, and its history portrays multi-layered perspectives and, in some cases, an individual gaze towards the Levinasian other. The case of Spanish cinema is especially interesting to analyse. While Franco's dictatorship relegated women to unmovable roles as submissive wives and devoted mothers, Spanish cinema was at the time and in the first years after the transition to democracy (with very few exceptions such as Pilar Miró) in the hands of male directors, producers, music composers, technicians etc and manufactured a rigid discourse on women's identities. On the other hand, more recent Spanish cinema also illustrates how Spain has moved from an obviously patriarchal society where women were forced to depend completely on their fathers and husbands, to a modern, liberal society, where women have gained equal rights, but are still —like in most developed countries— underrepresented and discriminated. Since the early 90s onwards, female directors have been changing the cinema landscape in Spain. They succeed in offering intimate narratives, attention to emotion and multi-layered readings of female characters and psychology. They illustrate women's experiences and their negotiation of gender differences. Some of these female directors have become quite visible, precisely because of their powerful female protagonists, but also because of the numerous awards they have collected. In this paper I would like to examine how some of them (Icíar Bollaín, Isabel Coixet and Carla Simón) question traditional gender roles and expectations through their female characters — women who rebel against patriarchy and its negative consequences. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore inhibitors preventing Spanish women from attaining positions of leadership.Design/methodology/approachUsing a qualitative approach based on focus groups and structured personal interviews on 42 Spanish male and female executives, the study tests the main gender normative expectations applicable to specific work and personal roles.FindingsThe findings suggest that there is a significant consensus about the existence of traditional and emerging models. Research also suggests there are still clear gaps between traditional and emerging roles that are easily identified and recognized. Contrary to expectations, the research suggests there is no a clear model of emerging gender roles, and instead considerable diversity in the construction of individual aspirational models.Research limitationsThis is a first exploratory research limited to a reduced sample in the Spanish context. To confirm the findings, the research will benefit from a quantitative approach based on larger samples. Moreover, additional surveys in different cultural contexts will provide a broader understanding of the proposed research questions.Practical implicationsThe gender gap framework can enable policy makers to correctly diagnose the barriers women face in their professional lives and to come up with efficient instruments to correct existing inequalities.Originality/valueThe principal contribution of this paper is that it provides important insights into traditional and aspirational gender gaps that constitute one important internal barrier for women's development.
A new book traces the fitful evolution of international order and institutions from the Congress of Vienna to the advent of humanitarian interventions.
This paper examines the extent to which the National Consumers' League and similar localized leagues provided middle- and upper-class women with new opportunities for involvement in American politics during the early Progressive Era, or roughly the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. These organizations undertook various efforts – including "list" and "label" campaigns – to educate the consuming public about the poor working conditions suffered by retail employees and especially factory workers in the garment industry, with a focus on employed women and child laborers. Later on, the leagues provided their female members with important opportunities for extensive political involvement as a more direct means of achieving their goals, including lobbying state legislators and preparing amicus curiae briefs for state courts and even the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case known as Muller v. Oregon (1908). Through these efforts, the leagues earned a significant amount of attention from other Progressive reform-minded organizations, including the Russell Sage Foundation.
