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Abstract. This paper presents a preliminary climatology of tornadoes and waterspouts in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). A database spanning 60 yr (1950–2009) has been developed on the basis of information collected from various sources such as weather reports, insurance companies, newspapers and damage surveys. This database has been subjected to a rigorous validation process, and the climatology describes its main features: timing, spatial pattern, and trends in the tornado and waterspout distribution. Results show the highest concentration of tornadoes from August to October, the highest density in the heavily populated coastal areas and a growing positive trend that is likely more closely linked to an increase in observation and perception rather than a real climatic trend.

"The election of Barack Obama to the presidency marks a conclusive end to the Reagan era, writes John Kenneth White in Barack Obama's America. Reagan symbolized a 1950s and 1960s America, largely white and suburban, with married couples and kids at home, who attended church more often than not. Obama's election marks a new era, the author writes. Whites will be a minority by 2042. Marriage is at an all-time low. Cohabitation has increased from a half-million couples in 1960 to more than 5 million in 2000 to even more this year. Gay marriages and civil unions are redefining what it means to be a family. And organized religions are suffering, even as Americans continue to think of themselves as a religious people. Obama's inauguration was a defining moment in the political destiny of this country, based largely on demographic shifts, as described in Barack Obama's America." -- Publisher's description

In this study we investigate the empirical relationship between the size of
the informal sector (as percentage of official GDP), carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide emissions in Turkey by using annual data from 1950 to 2009 and
conducting a time-series analysis using cointegration techniques. This
analysis is crucial as pollution emissions may lead to unfavorable weather
conditions and potentially cause environmental impacts that may adversely
affect the global economy. The empirical analysis shows evidence towards the
existence of an inverted-U relationship between relative informal sector size
and environmental pollution indicators in the long-run. That is small and
large sizes of the shadow economy are associated with little environmental
pollution and medium levels of the size of the shadow economy are associated
with higher levels of environmental pollution. Moreover, using multivariate
cointegration techniques, we suggest and test an economic mechanism to
account for this observation. This also helps us to prescribe various policy
recommendations regarding pollution and energy use.