Suchergebnisse

The international architecture competition Solar Decathlon Europe was held in Wuppertal in 2022 and focused on sustainable building and living in the city. The student teams participating in the competition developed buildings that would enable climate-friendly living and be tailored to the "Mirke" district in Wuppertal and the individual needs of the residents in this neighborhood. Not only the neighborhood was the focus of the competition, but also the residents of the Mirke district were involved in the project through a neighborhood panel. As part of the Mirke neighborhood panel, three survey waves were conducted between May 2021 and August 2022. The results and insights gained from the neighborhood panel were incorporated into the project and shared with the architectural teams participating in the competition. In addition, the results were shared and discussed with the urban development department of the city of Wuppertal, local initiatives, and other partners in the neighborhood.

With this paper I investigate the role of civil society groups in speeding the urban adoption of green technologies (in particular, renewable energy systems) by creating economic niches, and catalyzing market transformations. I focus on a qualitative case study of Solarize Portland, a community-managed solar energy program that has transformed the local and regional market for solar energy in Portland, OR. This case study is analyzed through the lens of recent theories of public participation that emphasize the multiplicity and complexity of participatory processes in practice. I conclude that—thanks to their flexibility, risk tolerance, and locally embedded understanding of technological change—civil society groups have the capacity to design and implement significant urban sustainability projects. They achieve this by creating niches within the urban landscape that allow local small and medium-sized enterprises to develop and refine their businesses practices; by coordinating novel partnerships between state, community, and private-level actors; and by grounding technological change in the broader social networks that give them meaning and momentum. These findings speak directly to the way that cities approach the complex sociotechnical transitions involved in reshaping urban infrastructure to respond to the challenge of climate change.

We perform a systematic reanalysis of the age distribution of Galactic open star clusters. Using a catalogue of homogeneously determined ages for 834 open clusters contained in a 2 kpc cylinder around the Sun and characterised with astrometric and photometric data from the Gaia satellite, we find that it is necessary to revise earlier works that relied on data from the Milky Way Star Cluster survey. After establishing age-dependent completeness limits for our sample, we find that the cluster age function in the range 6.5 < log t < 10 is compatible with Schechter-type or broken power-law functions. Our best-fit values indicate an earlier drop of the age function (by a factor of 2-3) with respect to the results obtained in the last five years, and are instead more compatible with results obtained in the early 2000s along with radio observations of inner-disc clusters. Furthermore, we find a typical destruction timescale of ∼1.5 Gyr for a 104 M⊙ cluster and a present-day cluster formation rate of 0.55-0.15+0.19 Myr-1 kpc-2, suggesting that only 16-8+11% of all stars born in the solar neighbourhood form in bound clusters. Accurate cluster-mass measurements are now needed to place more precise constraints on open-cluster formation and evolution models. ; Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (MICIU/FEDER, UE) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu") through grant CEX2019-000918-M. FA is grateful for funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 800502.

We study the relationship between age, metallicity, and α-enhancement of FGK stars in the Galactic disk. The results are based upon the analysis of high-resolution UVES spectra from the Gaia-ESO large stellar survey. We explore the limitations of the observed dataset, i.e. the accuracy of stellar parameters and the selection effects that are caused by the photometric target preselection. We find that the colour and magnitude cuts in the survey suppress old metal-rich stars and young metal-poor stars. This suppression may be as high as 97% in some regions of the age-metallicity relationship. The dataset consists of 144 stars with a wide range of ages from 0.5 Gyr to 13.5 Gyr, Galactocentric distances from 6 kpcto 9.5 kpc, and vertical distances from the plane 0 9 Gyr is not as small as advocated by some other studies. In agreement with earlier work, we find that radial abundance gradients change as a function of vertical distance from the plane. The [Mg/Fe] gradient steepens and becomes negative. In addition, we show that the inner disk is not only more α-rich compared to the outer disk, but also older, as traced independently by the ages and Mg abundances of stars. ; This work was partly supported by the European Union FP7 programme through ERC grant number 320360. AS is supported by the MICINN grant AYA2011-24704 and by the ESF EUROCORES Programme EuroGENESIS (MICINN grant EUI2009-04170). The results presented here benefited from discussions held during Gaia-ESO workshops and conferences supported by the ESF (European Science Foundation) through the GREAT (Gaia Research ...

In this urgent decade when American democracy faces the challenge of decarbonizing the U.S. electric grid and assuring that the economic benefits of our energy transition are equitably shared, many solar energy researchers and activists are searching for new ways to partner with the civic sector. Instead of treating energy users as passive customers, experts understand the importance of engaging community as active decision-makers, beneficiaries, and communicators for a just energy transition. Distributed solar technology offers more democratic potential than small savings on individuals' electric bills. Energy experts working on the Solar CommonsÔ community solar model at the University of Minnesota are piloting demonstration projects with community partners in Arizona and Minnesota. These solar commons aggregate savings through power purchase agreements that create 25-year peer-governed revenue streams to support mutual aid and reparative justice work in neighborhoods. This article describes a Solar Commons research project in Arizona, with a conversation among the public artists who partnered with the legal research team to co-create communication and peer governance tools that will allow DIY Solar Commons to iterate throughout the US as a new institution in our civic sector. Images of the Solar Commons public art demonstrate how the artists helped expand the vision of solar energy from the iconic individual solar panel to a technology embedded in community justice and in a complex human-more-than-human environment.

Smart, R. L., et al. (Gaia Collaboration) ; [Aims] We produce a clean and well-characterised catalogue of objects within 100 pc of the Sun from the Gaia Early Data Release 3. We characterise the catalogue through comparisons to the full data release, external catalogues, and simulations. We carry out a first analysis of the science that is possible with this sample to demonstrate its potential and best practices for its use. [Methods] Theselection of objects within 100 pc from the full catalogue used selected training sets, machine-learning procedures, astrometric quantities, and solution quality indicators to determine a probability that the astrometric solution is reliable. The training set construction exploited the astrometric data, quality flags, and external photometry. For all candidates we calculated distance posterior probability densities using Bayesian procedures and mock catalogues to define priors. Any object with reliable astrometry and a non-zero probability of being within 100 pc is included in the catalogue. [Results] We have produced a catalogue of 331 312 objects that we estimate contains at least 92% of stars of stellar type M9 within 100 pc of the Sun. We estimate that 9% of the stars in this catalogue probably lie outside 100 pc, but when the distance probability function is used, a correct treatment of this contamination is possible. We produced luminosity functions with a high signal-to-noise ratio for the main-sequence stars, giants, and white dwarfs. We examined in detail the Hyades cluster, the white dwarf population, and wide-binary systems and produced candidate lists for all three samples. We detected local manifestations of several streams, superclusters, and halo objects, in which we identified 12 members of Gaia Enceladus. We present the first direct parallaxes of five objects in multiple systems within 10 pc of the Sun. [Conclusions] We provide the community with a large, well-characterised catalogue of objects in the solar neighbourhood. This is a primary benchmark for measuring and understanding fundamental parameters and descriptive functions in astronomy. ; The Gaia mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in alphabetical order by country: the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement d'Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants and the Polish Academy of Sciences – Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek through grant VS.091.16N, and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Comité Français d'Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB); the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054 and 11703065 and the China Scholarship Council through grant 201806040200; the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171 "Mining the Variable Sky", with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme; the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058; the Danish Ministry of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1; the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space AsteroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network; the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360 and 647208 and through the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation and excellent science programmes through Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 745617 as well as grants 670519 (Mixing and Angular Momentum tranSport of massIvE stars – MAMSIE), 687378 (Small Bodies: Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the Interaction of Galaxies), and 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries and Cepheids – CepBin); the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF); the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through grants for Slovenia, through contracts C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, and through contract 4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany; the Academy of Finland and the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the "Investissements d'avenir" programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project "Modelling the Milky Way in the Gaia era" (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for project "The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era" (ARCHEOGAL), and through grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project "Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as primary distance calibrators" (UnlockCepheids), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), the "Action Fédératrice Gaia" of the Observatoire de Paris, the Région de Franche-Comté, and the Programme National de Gravitation, Références, Astronomie,et Métrologie (GRAM) of CNRS/INSU with the Institut National Polytechnique (INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) co-funded by CNES; the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, and 50QG1904 and the Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität (TU) Dresden for generous allocations of computer time; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the Lendület Programme grants LP2014-17 and LP2018-7 and through the Premium Postdoctoral Research Programme (L. Molnár), and the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grant KH_18-130405; the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University Research Fellowship (M. Fraser); the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) through grant 848/16; the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2 to INAF for the Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and 2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca) through the Premiale project "MIning The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology" (MITiC); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2018/06/M/ST9/00311, DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221, and PRELUDIUM grant 2017/25/N/ST9/01253, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12; the Portugese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through grants SFRH/BPD/74697/2010 and SFRH/BD/128840/2017 and the Strategic Programme UID/FIS/00099/2019 for CENTRA; the Slovenian Research Agency through grant P1-0188; the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE) through grants ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80079-C2-2-R, RTI2018-095076-B-C21, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, BES-2016-078499, and BES-2017-083126 and the Juan de la Cierva formación 2015 grant FJCI-2015-2671, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports through grant FPU16/03827, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through grant AYA2017-89841P for project "Estudio de las propiedades de los fósiles estelares en el entorno del Grupo Local" and through grant TIN2015-65316-P for project "Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII", the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Programme of the Spanish Government through grant SEV2015-0493, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu") through grants MDM-2014-0369 and CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona's official doctoral programme for the development of an R+D+i project through an Ajuts de Personal Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory through project AyA2017-84089, the Galician Regional Government, Xunta de Galicia, through grants ED431B-2018/42 and ED481A-2019/155, support received from the Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC) funded by the Xunta de Galicia, the Xunta de Galicia and the Centros Singulares de Investigación de Galicia for the period 2016-2019 through CITIC, the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) / Fondo Europeo de Desenvolvemento Rexional (FEDER) for the Galicia 2014-2020 Programme through grant ED431G-2019/01, the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre – Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2016-1-0006, AECT-2016-2-0013, AECT-2016-3-0011, and AECT-2017-1-0020, the Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project "Models de Programació i Entorns d'Execució Parallels" (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-025968-I; the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen); the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the Mesures d'Accompagnement, the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires, and the Swiss National Science Foundation; the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, ST/I000852/1, ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/L006561/1, ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1, ST/S000976/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S002103/1, and ST/V000969/1.

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission was designed to find transiting planets around bright, nearby stars. Here, we present the detection and mass measurement of a small, short-period (≈4 days) transiting planet around the bright (V=7.9), solar-type star HD 86226 (TOI-652, TIC 22221375), previously known to host a long-period (∼1600 days) giant planet. HD 86226c (TOI-652.01) has a radius of 2.16±0.08R⊕ and a mass of - 7.25+1.12 1.19 M⊕, based on archival and new radial velocity data. We also update the parameters of the longer-period, not-known-to-transit planet, and find it to be less eccentric and less massive than previously reported. The density of the transiting planet is 3.97 gcm−3, which is low enough to suggest that the planet has at least a small volatile envelope, but the mass fractions of rock, iron, and water are not well-constrained. Given the host star brightness, planet period, and location of the planet near both the "radius gap" and the "hot Neptune desert," HD 86226c is an interesting candidate for transmission spectroscopy to further refine its composition. ; NASA's Science Mission directorate NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant - Space Telescope Science Institute HST-HF2-51399.001 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS5-26555 18-XRP18_2-0048 CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional, Chile 21140646 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 713673 "la Caixa" INPhINIT Fellowship grant LCF/BQ/IN17/11620033 European Research Council (ERC) 724427 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1161218 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) Basal AFB-170002 Spanish Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness PGC2018-098153-B-C31 Heising-Simons Foundation Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) European Commission 200020_172746 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)

AbstractPrivate ownership of nature's gifts—water, air, sunlight—stands in the way of solving the collective problems of the 21st century. In the case of sunlight, common ownership through community solar trusts can overcome both the inequities and the inefficiencies of investor‐owned utilities (IOUs) with legal monopolies. Those monopolies function with the same arrogance as aristocrats did in the past, but now the stakes are higher: the future of the planet. This essay describes the Solar Commons Project by which a team of inspired citizens and public scholars joined to create a form of community‐trust solar‐energy ownership, in which multiple stakeholders benefit. The goal is to make this "Solar Commons" model an iterable, scalable, model of community solar that empowers low‐income neighborhoods in the United States. An integral part of the project is a process of creating community‐engaged public art to communicate the nature of community ownership. Artistic and theatrical presentations can help involve the public in dialogues around questions of utility management that are normally couched in technical language designed to obfuscate the political power of electric utilities. One role citizens can play is unmasking utilities when they publicly promote themselves as providers of clean energy, even when they are actively engaged in protecting the interests of fossil‐fuel companies. Ultimately, however, creating a Solar Commons involves more than criticizing the failed institutions of the past. It requires us to think innovatively about ways to draw upon the history of the commons to design new modes of sharing sunlight and other common goods to create a more equitable, sustainable future.

Context. The β Pictoris moving group is one of the most well-known young associations in the solar neighbourhood and several members are known to host circumstellar discs, planets, and comets. Measuring its age precisely is essential to the study of several astrophysical processes, such as planet formation and disc evolution, which are strongly age-dependent. Aims. We aim to determine a precise and accurate dynamical traceback age for the β Pictoris moving group. Methods. Our sample combines the extremely precise Gaia DR2 astrometry with ground-based radial velocities measured in an homogeneous manner. We use an updated version of our algorithm to determine dynamical ages. The new approach takes into account a robust estimate of the spatial and kinematic covariance matrices of the association to improve the sample selection process and to perform the traceback analysis. Results. We estimate a dynamical age of 18.5-2.4+2.0 Myr for the β Pictoris moving group. We investigated the spatial substructure of the association at the time of birth and we propose the existence of a core of stars that is more concentrated. We also provide precise radial velocity measurements for 81 members of β Pic, including ten stars with the first determinations of their radial velocities. Conclusions. Our dynamical traceback age is three times more precise than previous traceback age estimates and, more importantly, for the first time it reconciles the traceback age with the most recent estimates of other dynamical, lithium depletion boundaries and isochronal ages. This has been possible thanks to the excellent astrometric and spectroscopic precisions, the homogeneity of our sample, and the detailed analysis of binaries and membership. ; This research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 682903, P.I. H. Bouy), and from the French State in the framework of the "Investments for the future" Program, IdEx Bordeaux, reference ANR-10-IDEX-03-02. This research has been funded by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Projects No.ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R and No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu"- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC). This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21 (MINECO/FEDER, UE). TA has been funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.745617.

O crescente processo de urbanização pode promover a intensificação de riscos oriundos das alterações climáticas, logo, é importante associar questões ambientais e ações no meio urbano, planejando cidades com energia limpa. Para estudar a aplicação da energia solar fotovoltaica no meio urbano, foi desenvolvida uma análise comparativa da capacidade de geração de energia e de consumo para duas configurações da morfologia urbana propostas por Marques (2018). O Cenário I atendeu à Lei Complementar, LC 101/2009 - Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto Maravilha. O Cenário II foi desenvolvido tendo como base ações da certificação ambiental LEED – Neighborhood, o LEED - Desenvolvimento de Bairros, e permitiu maior concentração de edifícios, logo, uma maior área disponível (coberturas) para geração de energia. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de avaliar previamente os processos de densificação, propondo configurações urbanas adequadas às necessidades do lugar. A geração de energia no meio urbano também permite a inserção de projetos utilizando a geração distribuída, o que apresenta vantagens como a redução de perdas de energia no processo de transmissão.

This present work focuses on assessing the techno-economic benefits of different control strategies for a heat pump integrated into the solar assisted district heating system (SDHS). The system has been developed using dynamic simulation software (TRNSYS) and optimized based on a genetic algorithm. With an industrial-sized heat pump connected to thermal storage tanks for domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating (SH) for the requirements of the community, a SDHS is operated by applying two different control mechanisms for the heat pump based on its reference operating temperature. The application of the methodology is applied to a residential neighborhood community of 10 buildings located in Madrid to act as a proxy for the Mediterranean climates. The results showed a significant effect for the heat pump control in the techno-economic benefits where the proposed system is able to provide a solar fraction up to 99%. Furthermore, the total electricity consumption of the heating system varied by 10% between the best and the worst cases. Besides, the annual seasonal storage efficiency improved up to 90% with a life cycle expense up to 67.12 Euro/MWh, and a payback period of 29 years. ; The work is funded by the Spanish government RTI2018-093849-B-C31 and RTI2018-093849-B-C33. The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (GREiA - 2017 SGR 1537, AGACAPE - 2017 SGR 1409). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. This work is partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018-102431-T). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713679 and from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV).

[spa] El siguiente trabajo toma como tema principal la inclusión de los recolectores informales en sistemas de gestión formal de residuos sólidos municipales (RSM). Los RSM son un elemento presente desde los primeros asentamientos del hombre, pero los problemas de exclusión se han ido desarrollando conforme ha ido pasando el tiempo y el progreso. Pasado, presente y futuro, tres espacios temporales distantes y a la vez unidos, espacios donde los actos humanos del pasado muestran sus efectos en el día de hoy y donde la única forma de mejorar el futuro es trabajar en el presente aprendiendo del pasado. Dada la complejidad del cuestionamiento, hemos basado nuestro estudio en casos exitosos de modelos de gestión de RSM inclusivos, comenzando un recorrido bibliográfico que nos permitiera abordar de la mejor forma nuestro planteamiento. Con ello, posteriormente hemos comenzado por estudiar el caso de Pune (India). La investigación de primera mano se centra en 3 casos europeos: Traperos de Emaús en Navarra, Engrunes en Cataluña y Amelior en Francia. Los casos son diferentes en sí, pero los une su origen: todos ellos resultaron de la respuesta por parte de vecinos ante un problema o caso de injusticia social. Además, poseen en común que sus usuarios son personas que se dedican a la recolección informal de RSM. Emaús nace en Francia y luego se ha replicado en todo el mundo. Lo cierto es que las comunidades de Emaús nacen generalmente como una respuesta ante la situación de injusticia que sufren personas excluidas. Su forma de vida es la comunidad, escuela personal y colectiva. Su ámbito de trabajo es el espacio liberado en resistencia. En sus orígenes los traperos han utilizado la recolección informal como un evento económico. Sólo el paso del tiempo y las relaciones con otros organismos los han llevado a madurar e internalizar la labor medioambiental que desarrollan. Al día de hoy continúan trabajando con los RSM, ya no de forma precaria ni informal, y con su experiencia han sabido ganar el espacio y ser incluidos en el sistema formal de gestión de RSM. Engrunes es un poco más joven. También nació como respuesta ante la precariedad en que vivían personas del barrio que se dedicaban a la recolección informal como un medio de subsistencia económica. Una respuesta que vino de los feligreses de la parroquia Sant Mateu de Esplugues de Llobregat para ir en su ayuda. Un comienzo similar al de Emaús, con una comunidad y una organización lineal que, con el tiempo va a evolucionar y pasar a constituirse como empresa de reinserción. Con ello, dejaron atrás la vida comunitaria y adquirieron una figura empresarial, pasando a formar parte de la red de Empresas de reinserción del gobierno catalán. Desde este momento sus usuarios llegan procedentes de los programas y servicios de inserción de la administración pública y por un período de tiempo limitado. La recogida de RSM pasó desde la informal con el carrito por las calles y comercio del barrio, a camiones y furgonetas para la recogida dentro del sistema formal, y su herramienta de trabajo contra la exclusión es ahora el contrato de trabajo. Amelior es una asociación nacida hace pocos años en Montreuil y con un ámbito de trabajo que no se centra en la recolección de RSM, sino que lo hace en los recolectores de objetos o biffins. Nace como respuesta ante una situación de injusticia. Esta vez es la escalada de la represión con que el gobierno local trata a los biffins, casi llegando al límite de una verdadera expulsión de los lugares tradicionales donde desarrollaban sus mercadillos de segunda mano. El trabajo de Amelior es encontrar espacios donde puedan establecer sus mercados sin temor de su propia integridad o de sus productos. En su corta vida, han logrado conseguir la plaza del metro Croix de Chavaux como espacio donde, una vez al mes los biffins puedan montar su mercado, siempre organizados y coordinados por Amelior. La situación de los recolectores informales es real, no solo en los países pobres, sino que está presente en todo el mundo. Ahora bien, es un problema que en países como España no está del todo asimilado ni tampoco las autoridades dedican planes para su inclusión, de aquí que determinados ciudadanos se organicen y busquen por ellos mismos sus propios canales para ayudar, organizar, capacitar y lograr modelos inclusivos con los cuales poder luchar contra le exclusión. En Francia, el gobierno ha ido cediendo a la presión de otorgar espacios, quizás como forma de controlar a los biffins y evitar el mercado en zonas de interés gubernamental, como las zonas turísticas de Paris. Nuestro estudio logró demostrar que modelos inclusivos de gestión de RSM orientados al Zero Waste son aplicables en diferentes escenarios, por diferentes que sean. En cuanto a la prevención de residuos, los recolectores informales contribuyen a la economía solidaria, especialmente al convertir desechos en productos de segunda mano accesibles para personas de bajo poder adquisitivo o que rechazan la economía de consumo. Paralelo a ello, los modelos inclusivos generan trabajo regulado y, con ello contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de vida de los recolectores dignificando sus vidas. La sola recuperación de desechos o material para el reciclaje contribuya a su vez a la disminución de la cantidad de RSM que debe ser llevado a depósito controlado. Finalmente decir que se ha demostrado que un modelo de gestión híbrido, en el sentido de ocupar a personas en exclusión como parte del sistema formal contribuye a mejorar el sistema de recogida, dada la experiencia en recogida selectiva de éstos. Se ha visto que la hoja de ruta no es fácil ni corta, pero los modelos inclusivos llevan a mejorar tanto aspectos sociales como medio ambientales. No se pueden generar cambios al corto plazo, pero tampoco se puede esperar ver cambios sin comenzar un camino de trabajo. ; [eng] This work carry out a research taking as central issue the inclusion of the informal waste collectors (waste pickers) into formal waste management systems. The MSW have been present since the first settlements of the humanity, but social and exclusions problems have been developing in the hand of time and progress. Past, present and future, three distant dimensions in time and united too. Temporary spaces where human acts in the past present effects in the present and where the only way to improve the future is work from the present, studing the past. Given the complexity of, a priori, the question, we have based our research in successful cases of inclusive MSW management systems (MSM). The first step was a bibliographic research that allow us to take a correct approach. Then, we begun to study the case of Pune (India). The first-hand research focuses on 3 European cases: Traperos de Emmaus in Navarra, Engrunes in Catalonia and Amelior in Montreuil, France. The cases are different in themselves, but they are linked by their origin: all of them were born like a response by neighbors to make front a problem or a social injustice case. In addition, they have in common that their users are people engaged into the informal collection of MSW. Emaus was born in France and then has been replicated around all the world. The Emaus communities was born like a response to the situation of injustice suffered by excluded people. Their way of life is community, personal and collective school. Some Emaus ragpickers say: "our ambit of work is a space released in resistance". In its origins, the ragpickers have used informal waste pickering just as an economic event. Only the pass of time and relations with other organisms made possible a maturation and internalizing of they work like a utility work to the society and environment. Actually, they continue to work with the MSW, but no longer in a precarious or informal way, and with their experience they have been able to gain space and be included in the formal MSW management system. Engrunes is a little younger. It was also born as a response to the precariousness of homeless living in the neighborhood and were engaged in informal recollection as a means of economic subsistence. A reaction that came from a little group of people of the Sant Mateu church from Esplugues de Llobregat to help them. A similar begin that Emaus, with a community and a linear organization that, over time, will evolve and become into a reinsertion enterprise. With this step, they left behind the community life and acquired an enterprise figure, becoming part of the Insertion enterprises network the Catalan government. From this moment, its users arrive by just one way: programs and insertion services of the public administration, and that's is not all, it's just for a limited time. The waste collection went from the informal with the typical cart, to trucks and vans for collection inside the formal system. Actually, the tool to work against the exclusion is the contract of employment. Amelior is an association born a few years ago in Montreuil. Their work that not focus on the collection of MSW, their works is focalized with the waste pickers (biffins) rights. The association, like Emaús and Engrunes, was born as a reaction front an injustice situation. In this case, the reactions were produced by the increment in repression and persecution by the government of Paris against the biffins. Situations like the prohibition to use traditional places for its market and, in the last times with the expulsion to the periphery areas of Paris. Amelior's task can be resumed in one objective: find spaces where they can establish their markets without fear for their own integrity or of their products. In their short life they have achieved, by a public bidding, the use of the Croix de Chavaux square as a market space one time by month. The situation of the excluded people, like waste pickers, is real. And is not present just in poor countries, they are present around the world. However, it is a problem that in countries like Spain is not fully assimilated for the authorities, or the govern don't dedicate plans for their inclusion. This situation make that some citizens organize themselves and search how they can help to organize, capacity and arrive to legal and accepted models to combat exclusion. In France, the government has been opening to listening the demands, maybe to the pressure, to grant spaces, maybe just a way to control the biffins and avoid the market in areas of governmental interest, read touristic interests, of Paris. Our study was able to demonstrate that Zero Waste models of MSW management are applicable in different scenarios, even if they have some differences into waste prevention theme, informal collectors contribute to the solidarity economy, especially by converting some products discarded and dumped by somewhere, into second-hand products accessible for another people with low purchasing power, or people who reject the consumer economy. In parallel, the inclusive models generate regulated work and, with this, contribute to improve the quality of life of the waste pickers, dignifying their lives. At the same time, the simple action to recovery for the waste or material for recycling, contributes to the decrease of the amount of MSW that must be taken to transported and dumped in a landfill. Finally, we have been demonstrated that, a hybrid management model, in the sense of occupying exclusion people as part, or inside the formal management system contributes to improve the waste collection system, given their experience in the selective collection based in the recuperation of quality products from the waste. We have been seen that the road map is not easy nor short, but the inclusive models lead to social and environmental improvement. It's impossible generate changes in the short term, but also cannot see changes if we don't start a working plan.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 도시설계학전공, 2020. 8. 권영상. ; The global urban population is rapidly increasing. As such, cities face the challenge of balancing resource consumption with safeguarding our environment. One such resource is food. Agricultural products travel far from the harvesting site to the final consumer. This distance is cause for several issues such as high-energy consumption, increased food prices, vulnerable distribution chains, and loss of the collective memory of farming practices. Recently, urban farming has become an important means to tackle these issues and achieve sustainability in cities. Urban farming has environmental, economic, and social benefits. It is highly supported by the Korean Government as a strategy for urban regeneration and smart city development. This research evaluated the potential for urban farming in low-rise neighborhoods in Seoul. Because land in Seoul is scarce and urban agriculture is a valuable tool for the resilience of residential communities, this research evaluated the possibility of implementing building-based agriculture in low-rise neighborhoods. To measure urban farming potential, this study built a model to determine the available area for farming, the sunlight intensity, and the water collection potential of a low-rise neighborhood. This study chose the neighborhood of Samseong-dong in Gwanak-gu as the site to base the model on. The study measured building form variables (footprint area and building perimeter) and environment variables (rainfall and sunlight intensity) to model the urban farming capacity of the neighborhood. The research also calculated the impact of urban farming in the area in terms of the reduction of CO2 emissions from transportation and crop yield to satisfy dietary requirements. The results indicate that low-rise neighborhoods have great potential for the introduction of urban farming. They have sufficient available space on buildings (rooftops, walls, and railings) for farming. They also have sufficient rainwater harvesting capacity and sunlight intensity to grow a variety of crops. The results show that this kind of building-based urban agriculture can be useful to provide food for local residents, but has a limited impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions. ; 도시 인구가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 이와 같이 도시는 자원 소비와 환경을 보호하는 균형을 맞추는 도전에 직면해 있다. 그러한 자원 중 하나는 음식이다. 농산물은 수확지에서 최종 소비자로 멀리 이동한다. 이 거리는 고에너지 소비, 식량 가격 상승, 취약한 유통망, 농업 관행에 대한 집단 기억력 상실과 같은 몇 가지 문제에 원인이 있다. 최근, 도시 농업은 이러한 문제들을 해결하고, 도시의 지속가능성을 달성하기 위한 중요한 수단이 되었다. 도시 농업은 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 이익이 있다. 도시재생과 스마트시티 개발 전략으로 한국 정부의 높은 지지를 받고 있다. 이 연구는 서울의 저층지역의 도시농업 가능성을 평가했다. 서울 토지는 희소하고 도시농업은 주거공동체의 복원력을 높이는 소중한 도구인 만큼 이번 연구는 저층 주거지역에 건축기반농업을 시행할 가능성을 평가했다. 본 연구는 도시농업 가능성을 측정하기 위해 저층 지역의 농경 가능 면적, 일조 강도, 빗물 수확능력을 파악하기 위한 모형을 구축하였다. 이번 연구는 관악구 삼성동을 대상지로 선정됐다. 이 연구는 건축 형태 변수(건축면적과 건축둘레)와 환경 변수(강수량과 일조 강도)를 측정하여 인근 지역의 도시 농업 능력을 모형화했다. 이 연구는 또한 CO2 배출량 감소와 연간 채소 필요량 측면에서 도시 농업이 지역에 미치는 영향을 계산했다. 이 결과는 저층지역이 도시농업 도입 가능성이 크다는 것을 보여준다. 저층지역은 농사에 필요한 공간이 건물(옥상, 벽, 난간)에 충분하다. 그들은 또한 다양한 농작물을 재배하기에 충분한 빗물 수확능력과 일조 강도를 가지고 있다. 이 같은 건축 기반 도시농업은 지역 주민들에게 식량을 공급하기에 유용할 수 있지만 CO2 배출량 감소에는 한계가 있다는 결과가 나왔다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Statement of problem 1 1.2 Research purpose 4 1.3 Scope and limitations 5 1.4 Research question 6 1.5 Terms and definitions 7 Chapter 2. Theoretical Formulation 8 2.1 Literature review 8 2.1.1 Urban farming 8 2.1.2 Urban farming and resilience 14 2.1.3 Urban farming in Seoul 16 2.1.4 Durability as sustainability 19 2.2 Research justification 23 Chapter 3. Methodology 24 3.1 Methods 24 3.2 Data sources 26 Chapter 4. Results 27 4.1 Seoul building stock analysis 27 4.2 Determining the site 32 4.2.2 Site analysis 37 4.3 Urban farming model 48 4.4 Calculating available area for Urban Farming 50 4.4.1 Calculating available rooftop area 53 4.3.2 Calculating available railing area 55 4.4.3 Calculating available wall area 56 4.5 Calculating solar radiation for farming 59 4.6 Calculating water harvesting potential 66 4.7 Benefits of Urban Farming 70 Chapter 5. Conclusions 72 References 75 Bibliography 82 Abstract in Korean 83 ; Master