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[EN] This study aimed to analyse several factors of variation of slurry composition and to establish prediction equations for potential methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. Seventy-nine feed and slurry samples were collected at two seasons (summer and winter) from commercial pig farms sited at two Spanish regions (Centre and Mediterranean). Nursery, growing-fattening, gestating and lactating facilities were sampled. Feed and slurry composition were determined, and potential CH4 and NH3 emissions measured at laboratory. Feed nutrient contents were used as covariates in the analysis. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a predicting tool for slurry composition and potential gaseous emissions. A wide variability was found both in feed and slurry composition. Mediterranean farms had a higher pH (p 0.001) and ash (p=0.02) concentration than those located at the Centre of Spain. Also, type of farm affected ether extract content of the slurry (p=0.02), with highest values obtained for the youngest animal facilities. Results suggested a buffer effect of dietary fibre on slurry pH and a direct relationship (p 0.05) with fibre constituents of manure. Dietary protein content did not affect slurry nitrogen content but decreased (p=0.003) total and volatile solids concentration. Prediction models of potential NH3 emissions (R2=0.89) and CH4 yield (R2=0.61) were obtained from slurry composition. Predictions from NIRS showed a high accuracy for most slurry constituents (R2 above 0.90) and similar accuracy of prediction of potential NH3 and CH4 emissions (R2=0.84 and 0.68, respectively) to models using slurry characteristics, which can be of interest to estimate emissions from commercial farms and establish mitigation strategies or optimize biogas production. ; This research was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (project AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (Project ACOMP/2013/118). ; Beccaccia, A.; Ferrer Riera, P.; Ibáñez, MÁ.; Estellés, F.; Rodríguez, C.; ...

[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4 (R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated in commercial farms from easily determined slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses of slurries should be performed for an effective and environmental friendly land application. ; This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We thank the BABEL Project, Building Academic Bonds between Europe and Latin America. Erasmus Mundus Programme Action 2 for PhD fellowships. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. ...

[EN] Swine production has increased steadily throughout the last decades in the European Union (EU). In Spain, swine census grew 58% between 1990 and 2009, being second-ranked within the EU-27, after Germany. This situation has led to major benefits for the efficiency in the production process but can also have drawbacks, as potential environmental impact of areas with high animal density. Management factors related with animal feeding (chemical composition, number of feeding phases, feeder type), drinker type and length of slurry pit storage affect pig excreta composition. In addition, the mitigation of gas pollutants (ammonia and greenhouse gases as methane and nitrous oxide) derived from pig facilities (animal pens and pits below them) and mainly from outdoor lagoons must be considered in the near future. Some strategies to manage the excreta quality may include dietary manipulation, rainwater reutilization systems, the application of additives to the slurry pit, and some other slurry treatments. This review highlighted the importance of water and feed devices on determining the excreta composition of fattening pigs. Management factors related with animal facilities and length of slurry pit storage affect gaseous emissions from pig slurry. ; [PT] A produção de suínos tem aumentado ao longo das últimas décadas na União Europeia (UE). Na Espanha, o censo cresceu 58% entre 1990 e 2009, sendo o segundo classificado na UE-27, depois da Alemanha. Esta situação tem gerado grandes benefícios para a eficiência no processo de produção, mas também pode ter desvantagens, como o impacto ambiental de áreas com alta densidade animal. Gestão de fatores relacionados com a alimentação animal (composição química, número de fases de alimentação, tipo de alimentação), o tipo de bebedouro e tempo de armazenamento de chorume a céu aberto afeta a composição de excrementos de suínos. Além disso, a mitigação de gases poluentes (amônia e gases de efeito estufa como o metano e o óxido nitroso) provenientes de instalações de suínos ...

The energy intensity of Ukraine's GDP exceeds the analogous indicator of the European Union countries more than 3 times. One of the main factors of this situation is the inefficient use of fuel, one of the largest consumers of which is heat power, including communal.The reasons for the inefficient use of fuel cells in centralized heat supply systems of Ukrainian cities lie in the wear and tear of the equipment of these systems. Chemical water treatment systems are no exception. Due to their unsatisfactory state, processes of corrosion in the system elements are accelerated and the amount of deposits in them increases. The presence of deposits on surfaces significantly influences the thermodynamic efficiency, reliability and life of heat-exchange equipment.Accelerating processes of scale formation and increasing the number of complex deposits leads to the need for a more frequent rinsing of the system, which leads to contamination of network water with mechanical impurities, which, in turn, accelerates the abrasive wear of heating surfaces and the emergence of other problems in the work of systems. These negative factors condition the need to improve the quality of cleaning of network water from mechanical blockages. One of the methods of intensive purification of network water from mechanical cravings may be the introduction of magnets into the composition of standard sludge absorbers, which is associated with a large number of iron oxides in the composition of contaminants. Iron oxides actively react to the magnetic field, and in addition there is to some extent coagulants, which accelerates the purification of network water and from magnetonase-related mechanical impurities.The mechanism of water purification from mechanical impurities after flushing of boilers and other heat-energy equipment is considered. The results of the experimental study of prospects for the use of magnetic inserts in slurry mixers are presented. ; Енергоємність ВВП України перевищує аналогічний показник країн Європейського Союзу більше, ніж в 3 рази. Одним з головних чинників такого становища є неефективне використання палива, одним з найбільших споживачів якого є теплоенергетика, в тому числі комунальна.Причини неефективного використання палива в системах централізованого теплопостачання міст України криються в зношеності і моральній застарілості обладнання цих систем. Системи хімічної водної підготовки не є виключенням. Через їх незадовільний стан прискорюється процеси корозії в елементах систем та збільшується кількість відкладень в них. Присутність відкладень на поверхнях суттєво впливає на термодинамічну ефективність, надійність та ресурс теплообмінного обладнання.Прискорення процесів накипоутворення і зростання кількості комплексних відкладень приводить до необхідності частіше промивати системи, що призводить до забруднення мережної води механічними домішками, що, в свою чергу, прискорює абразивний знос поверхонь нагріву і появі інших негараздів в роботі систем. Ці негативні фактори обумовлюють необхідність підвищення якості очищення мережної води від механічних забруднень. Одним з методів інтенсивного очищення мережної води від механічних забруднень може виступати введення магнітів в склад стандартних шламовловлювачів, що пов'язано з великою кількістю оксидів заліза в складі забруднень. Оксиди заліза активно реагують на магнітне поле, а крім того є в деякій мірі коагулянтами, що прискорює очищення мережної води і від магнітонезалежних механічних домішок.Розглянуто механізм очищення води від механічних домішок після промивання котлів та іншого теплоенергетичного обладнання. Приведені результати експериментального дослідження перспектив використання магнітних вставок в шламовловлювачах.

This is a Post-print version of the article ; Aerobic granular sludge represents an interesting approach for simultaneous organic matter and nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants. However, the information about microbial communities in aerobic granular systems dealing with industrial wastewater like pig slurry is limited. Herein, bacterial diversity and dynamics were assessed in a pilot scale plant using aerobic granular sludge for organic matter and nitrogen elimination from swine slurry during more than 300 days. Results indicated that bacterial composition evolved throughout the operational period from flocculent activated sludge, used as inoculum, to mature aerobic granules. Bacterial diversity increased at the beginning of the granulation process and then declined due to the application of transient organic matter and nitrogen loads. The operational conditions of the pilot plant and the degree of granulation determined the microbial community of the aerobic granules. Brachymonas, Zoogloea and Thauera were attributed with structural function as they are able to produce extracellular polymeric substances to maintain the granular structure. Nitrogen removal was justified by partial nitrification (Nitrosomonas) and denitrification (Thauera and Zoogloea), while Comamonas was identified as the main organic matter oxidizing bacteria. Overall, clear links between bacterial dynamics and composition with process performance were found and will help to predict their biological functions in wastewater ecosystems improving the future control of the process ; This work has been financed by FISHPOL (CTQ2014-55021-R) and GRANDSEA (CTM2014-55397-JIN) projects from the Spanish Government and co-funded by FEDER. The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group GRC 2013-032, programme co-funded by FEDER, and CRETUS (AGRUP2015/02) ; SI

Lanthanum strontium manganite La0·84Sr0·16MnO3 (LSM)powder was prepared by combustion synthesis, using a concentrated solution of nitrates of lanthanum, strontium, and manganese as oxidiser, and citric acid as fuel. The as formed powder was found to be crystalline LSM consisting of porous agglomerates of fine particles, and exhibited about 7% total weight loss on heating up to 1100 °C. Dispersion conditions for wet grinding of the powder agglomerates calcined at 1100 °C were evaluated from zeta potential and viscositystudies. A maximum zeta potential of - 35 mV was noted at a pH of 11, while pseudoplasticity of the slurry decreased with decreasing solid concentration. Powder with d50 of around 3 μm and free of agglomerates of size greater than 10 μm was formed by wet grinding. Further calci nation of this powder at 1350 °C improved the solids loading in the slurry. The tape cast slurry composition was optimised for minimum content of binder, plasticiser, and water with acceptable pseudoplasticity to form flexible and flat tapes. The dried tapes cut to required sizes were subjected to controlled binder burnout followed by sintering in the range 1350-1450 °C. The sintered flat specimens exhibited densities in the range 65-80% of theoretical, and open porosities in the range 35-20%, with a homogeneous distribution of pore phase in the matrix.

The potential spreading of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) into agricultural fields and crops represent a fundamental limitation on the use of organic fertilization in food production systems. We present here a study of the effect of spreading four types of organic soil amendments (raw pig slurry, liquid and solid fractions, and a digested derivative) on demonstrative plots in two consecutive productive cycles of corn harvest (Zea mays), using a mineral fertilizer as a control, following the application of organic amendments at 32-62 T per ha (150 kg total N/ha) and allowing 5-8 months between fertilization and harvest. A combination of qPCR and high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing methods showed a small, but significant impact of the fertilizers in both ARG loads and microbiomes in soil samples, particularly after the second harvesting cycle. The slurry solid fraction showed the largest impact on both ARG loads and microbiome variation, whereas its digestion derivatives showed a much smaller impact. Soil samples with the highest ARG loads also presented increased levels of tetracyclines, indicating a potential dual hazard by ARG and antibiotic residues linked to some organic amendments. Unlike soils, no accumulation of ARG or antibiotics was observed in corn leaves (used as fodder) or grains, and no grain sample reached detection limits for neither parameter. These results support the use of organic soil amendments in corn crops, while proposing the reduction of the loads of ARGs and antibiotics from the fertilizers to greatly reduce their potential risk. ; This work was supported by grants from the LIFE Program of the European Union (LIFE17 ENV/ES/000439), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, grant RTI2018-096175-B-I00), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR902). CSL was supported by a FI predoctoral fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund (2018 FI B 00368, ESF Investing in your future). IDAEA-CSIC is a Center of ...

Tänapäeval on üheks oluliseks küsimuseks põllumajanduse puhul loomade väljaheidete s.o sõnniku keskkonnasõbralik ja efektiive kasutamine. Peamised küsimused on, kas ja kuidas sõnnikut kasutada nii, et see oleks põllumehele kasulik ning kahjustaks võimalikult vähe ümbritsevat keskkonda. Tänapäeva tehnoloogia võimaldab toota sõnnikust energiat ning pärast kasutada selle käigus järgi jäävat materjali põllu väetamiseks. Järjest enam on loomakasvatusega tegelevad ettevõtted üle läinud vedelsõnnikule, kuna selle käitlemine on lihtsam ja mugavam kui tahesõnniku oma. Nii veise vedelsõnnik kui ka biogaasi jaamast pärast kääritamist järele jääv digestaat sisaldavad olulisel määral taimedele vajalikke toiteelemente. Antud töö käigus viidi läbi kaks põldkatset. Esimese põldkatse toimus Eerika katsepõllul 2013-2014 aastal, kus taimiku moodustasid kõrrelised kultuurid (punane aruhein, aasnurmikas). Teine katse (tootmiskatse) toimus AS Tartu Agro põldheina põllul aastatel 2014-2015. Mõlema katse puhul kasutati nelja väetusvarianti: kontroll, mineraalväetis, veisevedelsõnnik ning digestaat. Eerika katse puhul anti rohumaale väetisi normiga 180 kg N ha-1 . Tootmiskatses anti variantidele väetist seadusest tulenevalt fosfori piirnormist 25kg/ha. Mõlema katse puhul jaotati väetis kolmes osas. Saagi botaaniline koostis, kaal jm määrati Eesti Maaülikooli laboris. Kahte erineva rohukamarat väetades selgus, et suuremat saagilisa andis nii vedelsõnniku kui ka digestaat kõrrelise taimiku puhul. Esimesel aastal andis digestaat võrreldes kontrollvariandiga 37% suurema saagi ning vedelsõnnik 50%. Teisel aastal aga vastavalt 119% ja 117%. Põldheina taimiku puhul oli aga kontrollvariant kahel aastal tehtud viiest niitest neljal kõrgema saagiga kui vedelsõnnik ning digestaat. Orgaaniliste väetiste kasutamine ei toonud endaga kaasa ka silo peamiste kvaliteedinäitajate langust. Samuti ei olnud vedelsõnniku ja digestaadiga väetatud rohusilos rohkem kahjulikke mikroobe. ; The utilization of animal faeces is becoming one of the crucial topics in agriculture these days. Particularly the sustainable and effective exploitation of cow dung. The main questions to be addressed are whether and how to utilise the faeces in order to keep it beneficial for the farmers whilst minimising the negative impact on the surrounding environment. The latest technology in agriculture is enabling us to produce energy from dung and use the surplus to fertilize land. Both the cattle slurry as well as the surplus digestate from the biogas stations (after fermentation) contain high level of essential nutritional elements for the crops. During this study two field experiments were conducted. The first experiment was held on the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Eerika's experimental filed in 2013- 2014 and the herbage was formed by the grasses (Poa pratensis L. and Festuca rubra L ). The second experiment (the production experiment) was held on the AS Tartu Agro perennial grass filed in 2014-2015. During both experiments four fertiliser treatments were exploited: control, mineral fertiliser, cattle slurry and digestate. During the experiment on Eerika's filed the quantity of fertiliser used on the grassland was 180kg N ha-1. During the on farm experiment (the second experiment) all three fertiliser treatments were given the amount of fertiliser per ha based on the legislative regulation of phosphorus fertiliser. Throughout the both experiments fertiliser was added in three parts. The botanical composition, weight etc. were assigned at the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences laboratory. Erika´s field experiment showed that utilisation of both biogas station digestate as well as cattle slurry increased the yield of grasses significantly. By the end of the first year the digestate treatment of the experiment had produced 37% and cattle slurry 50% more yield than the control treatment. During the second year 119% and 117% respectively. On the other hand feritilized treatments of grasses-clover mix didnt give significant higher yield than control treatment. The five grass mowing exercises conducted during the two year period of experiment with the grass-clover mix on the AS Tartu Agro perennial grass fields reviled that four out of five times (of mowing) the control treatment had produced more yield compare to cattle slurry and digestate treatments. It is also worth mentioning that the utilisation of organic fertilisers did not cause any decrease of the quality indicators of grass silage. Likewise, the level of harmful microbes did not increase in the grass silage after the utilisation of cattle slurry or digestate.

Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of India, 30, Gorachand Road, Kolkata-700 014, India E-mail : bagchiseema@gmail.com, sujitclahiri@yahoo.com Fax : 91-33-22849442 Geological Survey of India, Government of India, Kolkata-700 069, India E-mail : cashu@rediffmail.com Chemical Examination Laboratory, Excise Department, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata-700 046, India E-mail : kuiladk@rediffmail.com More than 1650 pre blast and post blast exhibits were analyzed using routine analytical procedures supplemented by advanced analytical techniques like Ion-Chromatography (IC) (mainly), Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analyzer (SEM-EDXA), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (for a number of samples) for inorganic constituents and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spetrometry (LC/MS/MS) for organic constituents. Results of the investigations suggested that high explosives like nitroglycerine, di and tri nitrotoluene (DNT and TNT), tetryl, cyclonite (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were rarely used except in mortars and detonators. Common easily available unrestricted chemicals like potassium nitrate/ chlorate (KNO3/KClO3), arsenic sulphide (As2S3), sulphur, aluminium powder of different mesh size and sodium, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium (Na+, Ca+, Mg+, Ba+, Sr+) nitrate with varying compositions along with splinters were used. But there were perceptible changes in the modus operandi of the terrorists. There had been a spurt in the use of different types of ammonium nitrate (AN) based explosives like AN, AN+Al, ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil/ diesel/kerosene), AN+wax, AN based gel/emulsion/slurry explosives with other ingredients. Urea nitrate was also obtained. The article contains a brief ...