Suchergebnisse

Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de la directive européenne "Habitats" en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, l'Office national des Forêts s'est vu confier l'élaboration du document d'objectifs du site Natura 2000 Mont Ventoux (Vaucluse). C'est ainsi que, sur cette véritable île biogéographique montagnarde en zone méditerranéenne, ont été menés à bien inventaires et cartographies des habitats ainsi que de quelques éléments de la faune et de la flore. Une attention particulière a été portée sur l'analyse des dynamiques évolutives. Cette approche a été croisée avec une analyse des activités humaines pour déboucher sur une définition concertée des enjeux en matière de "patrimoine biologique" et des objectifs et plan d'actions pour y répondre. L'intérêt et les limites de cette approche de la biodiversité et ses conséquences sur la gestion sont ici évoqués. Ces considérations valent pour nombre d'autres sites Natura 2000 de la région.

International audience ; Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de la directive européenne "Habitats" en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, l'Office national des Forêts s'est vu confier l'élaboration du document d'objectifs du site Natura 2000 Mont Ventoux (Vaucluse). C'est ainsi que, sur cette véritable île biogéographique montagnarde en zone méditerranéenne, ont été menés à bien inventaires et cartographies des habitats ainsi que de quelques éléments de la faune et de la flore. Une attention particulière a été portée sur l'analyse des dynamiques évolutives. Cette approche a été croisée avec une analyse des activités humaines pour déboucher sur une définition concertée des enjeux en matière de "patrimoine biologique" et des objectifs et plan d'actions pour y répondre. L'intérêt et les limites de cette approche de la biodiversité et ses conséquences sur la gestion sont ici évoqués. Ces considérations valent pour nombre d'autres sites Natura 2000 de la région.

Biodiversity is integrated into forest policy by conducting formal environmental assessments of forest framework plans. These assessments deal with the implications these plans have for the various environmental compartments. In the case of Natura 2000 sites, they are supplemented by a survey of the potential impact those plans have on the habitats and species that provided the justification for being designated a Natura 2000 site. The multifunctional feature of the forest management document is directed at encouraging active practical consideration of biodiversity implications at the level of the individual private forest. Optionally, this emphasis can be compounded by implementing Article L. 122-7 of the Forest Code that encourages managers to incorporate specific ecological considerations in their management plan. At Natura 2000 sites, a strong incentive to do so is provided by the requirement that the impacts of the plan on the habitats and species that justified the site designation must be evaluated. Training and education of forest owners are a priority to foster ownership of biodiversity issues and encourage them to implement best practices, e.g. through the development of charters of good practices. The number of tax incentives for the sustainable management of natural areas (exemption from property tax on undeveloped land, for example) remains limited in forestry because these measures merely supplement the forest tax regime on which they are based. They reward the adoption of management measures under contractual (Natura 2000) or regulatory arrangements (core areas of parks). Actions in favour of biodiversity can call on EU funds such as the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+) — which comes into play for major projects for restoring environments or species' habitats — or the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for co-financing of forestry contracts at Natura 2000 site in conjunction with the Ministry for Ecology. They mainly target "non-productive" actions but some steps have been taken towards developing "silvi-environmental" contracts that better build biodiversity concerns into silvicultural schemes. ; L'intégration de la biodiversité dans la politique forestière est notamment formalisée par l'évaluation environnementale des documents cadres forestiers, qui aborde les implications de ces documents sur les différents compartiments environnementaux. Elle est complétée par l'évaluation de l'impact que pourraient avoir ces plans sur les habitats et espèces qui ont justifié la désignation des sites Natura 2000. Le caractère multifonctionnel du document de gestion forestier enjoint à prendre en compte concrètement les enjeux de biodiversité à l'échelle de la propriété forestière. Cette prise en compte est renforcée par la mise en oeuvre (facultative) de l'article L. 122-7 du Code forestier qui incite à intégrer les enjeux écologiques particuliers dès le document de gestion. En site Natura 2000, pour les aménagements et plans simples de gestion, cette intégration est fortement incitée par l'obligation d'évaluer les incidences qu'aura le document de gestion sur les habitats et espèces ayant justifié la désignation du site. La formation et la sensibilisation des propriétaires forestiers constituent un axe prioritaire pour permettre l'appropriation des enjeux de biodiversité et inciter à mettre en oeuvre les bonnes pratiques, notamment par le développement de chartes de bonnes pratiques. Le nombre de mesures fiscales incitatives à la gestion durable des espaces naturels (exonération de la taxe foncière sur les propriétés non bâties par exemple) reste limité en forêt car ces mesures ne font que compléter le dispositif fiscal forestier dont elles s'inspirent. Elles récompensent l'adoption de mesures de gestion dans le cadre de dispositifs contractuels (Natura 2000) ou réglementaires (coeurs de parcs). Afin de conduire des actions concrètes en faveur de la biodiversité, peuvent être mobilisés en particulier les fonds communautaires comme l'Instrument financier pour l'environnement (LIFE+) qui intervient pour les gros projets de restauration de milieux ou d'habitats d'espèces ou le fonds européen agricole pour le développement rural (FEADER) utilisé par le ministère en charge de l'Écologie pour cofinancer des contrats forestiers en site Natura 2000. Ceux-ci ciblent essentiellement des actions « non productives » mais les premiers contrats « sylvo-environnementaux » permettant d'intégrer davantage la biodiversité dans la sylviculture ont été élaborés.

International audience ; Biodiversity is integrated into forest policy by conducting formal environmental assessments of forest framework plans. These assessments deal with the implications these plans have for the various environmental compartments. In the case of Natura 2000 sites, they are supplemented by a survey of the potential impact those plans have on the habitats and species that provided the justification for being designated a Natura 2000 site. The multifunctional feature of the forest management document is directed at encouraging active practical consideration of biodiversity implications at the level of the individual private forest. Optionally, this emphasis can be compounded by implementing Article L. 122-7 of the Forest Code that encourages managers to incorporate specific ecological considerations in their management plan. At Natura 2000 sites, a strong incentive to do so is provided by the requirement that the impacts of the plan on the habitats and species that justified the site designation must be evaluated. Training and education of forest owners are a priority to foster ownership of biodiversity issues and encourage them to implement best practices, e.g. through the development of charters of good practices. The number of tax incentives for the sustainable management of natural areas (exemption from property tax on undeveloped land, for example) remains limited in forestry because these measures merely supplement the forest tax regime on which they are based. They reward the adoption of management measures under contractual (Natura 2000) or regulatory arrangements (core areas of parks). Actions in favour of biodiversity can call on EU funds such as the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+) — which comes into play for major projects for restoring environments or species' habitats — or the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for co-financing of forestry contracts at Natura 2000 site in conjunction with the Ministry for Ecology. They mainly target ...

International audience Assessing the conservation status of habitats is now a key part in the management plan of protected areas. The transposal of the Habitats-Fauna-Flora directive (92/43/CEE) (Habitats directive) in French law provides a regulatory frame for assessing the conservation status of habitat at a Natura 2000 site level. French Museum of Natural History has been asked to develop methods for Natura 2000 managers in order to standardize evaluations. Focusing on the concept of habitat and its evaluation, we propose definitions in order to fill some identified gaps and precise the concept of conservation status assessment. The need for habitat classification system is mentioned, as well as the advantages and the limits of this tool. Considering the habitat as a complex system under the general systems theories, its conservation status means the status of its components, but also of their interactions among them and with the environment. Assessing the conservation status implies the assessment of the structure, composition and functions of a habitat, which are interdependent. With the need for evaluation comes the need of making choices, which implies to define the « optimal selected state » as a long-term aim, and the « chosen favourable status » as an operational target for managers. These choices are enlightened by scientific evidences in a socio-economic and cultural context bounded by the Habitats directive. We discuss the impact of the habitat's dynamics and succession on the establishment of the different conservation status. Finally, some key methodological choices are discussed, especially the role of species in the assessment of habitat and the connections between evaluation and management ; Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'évaluation de l'état de conservation des habitats est devenue un élément important des plans de gestion d'espaces naturels. La transposition de la Directive Habitats-Faune-Flore (92/43/CEE) (DHFF) dans le code de l'environnement fournit un cadre réglementaire pour l'évaluer ...

The article presents the main assumptions concerning the functioning of Natura 2000 sites in Europe, with particular emphasis on Polish regulations. These areas of high natural value directly influence the shape of nature conservation and the state of the climate. In this latter context, legal norms and legislators face the challenge of finding such a legal framework to prevent the progressive degradation of the climate. The functioning Natura 2000 sites in Poland as one of the forms of nature protection may be helpful in this respect, provided that the plans of protection tasks are adapted to the changing environmental conditions. ; W artykule przedstawiono główne założenia dotyczące funkcjonowania obszarów Natura 2000 w Europie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem regulacji polskich. Tereny te, cenne przyrodniczo, bezpośrednio wpływają na kształt ochrony przyrody oraz stan klimatu. W tym ostatnim kontekście przed normami prawnymi i legislatorami stają wyzwania znalezienia takich ram prawnych, aby zapobiec postępującemu degradowaniu klimatu. Funkcjonujące obszary Natura 2000 w Polsce jako jedna z form ochrony przyrody mogą w tym zakresie okazać się pomocne, o ile plany zadań ochronnych zostaną dostosowane do zmieniających się uwarunkowań środowiskowych.

Nell'ambito del progetto TWReferenceNET, si è valutata l'opportunità di proporre quali nuovi siti Natura 2000 le aree di transizione studiate nei nuovi Stati Membri dell'Unione Europea dell'area CADSES e partner del progetto, ossia in Albania, Bulgaria e Romania. Per comprendere al meglio il quadro giuridico di riferimento, si sono distinti gli Stati candidati all'adesione (Bulgaria e Romania) dai Paesi di potenziale adesione (Albania), per i quali sono previsti degli obblighi diversi anche con riferimento alle modalità e ai tempi di adeguamento alla normativa comunitaria. In particolare, le Direttive Habitat ed Uccelli saranno vincolanti: – In Bulgaria e Romania, alla data della loro adesione all'Unione Europea, ossia dal 1 gennaio 2007 (ovvero, se non si atterranno a quanto previsto dall'Accordo di adesione, dal 1 gennaio 2008); – In Albania, dalla data prevista dall'eventuale Accordo di adesione, e fino ad allora avendo cura di predisporre il necessario quadro normativo di riferimento, anche per l'applicazione della rete Natura 2000. In occasione dell'adesione di nuovi Stati Membri, è importante evidenziare due ordini di idee: (a) in primis, l'opportunità offerta agli Stati Membri dell'UE dall'adesione di nuovi Stati al fine di proporre delle modifiche alle liste di habitat e specie previste nelle due Direttive di riferimento, da includere negli Accordi di adesione; modifiche che altrimenti devono essere proposte con la procedura di codecisione; (b) secundis, l'opportunità di proporre nuovi siti alla luce dell'interpretazione delle due Direttive secondo quanto emerso dalle numerose pronunce della Corte di Giustizia delle Comunità europee succedutesi in questi anni, al fine di una loro più corretta applicazione. ; Within the framework of TWReferenceNET project, the opportunity of suggesting new Natura 2000 sites among the transitional areas included in the EU New Member States that are partners of the project – that is Albania, Bulgaria and Rumenia – has been evaluated. In order to better understand the legislation framework, the States that have applied for inclusion in the EU (Bulgaria and Rumenia) have been distinguished by the States of potential inclusion (Albania). Indeed, the latter has different obligations, especially considering modes and times of adoption of the European legislation. In particular, the Habitat and Bird Directives will have the force of law: • In Bulgaria and Rumenia, at the moment of inclusion in the European Union, that is on 1 January 2007 (or, if they will not fulfill the adesion agreement, on 1 January 2008); • In Albania, at the date that is forecasted by the adesion agreement. Until then, the State will prepare the regulation framework that is required also for the inclusion in the Natura 2000 network. When New Member States (NMS) are included in the EU, it is important to point out: (a) in primis, the opportunity offered by the NMS to the EU States with regard to the variation of Habitat and Species lists that are included in the two EU Directives, that can be included in the Adoption Agreements, and that should otherwise be adpoted with a co-decision procedure; (b) secundis, the opportunity to suggest new Natura 2000 sites, taking into consideration all that was decreed by EU Courts of Justice in the last years, in order to better apply the two Directives.

Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.

Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.

Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.

Biodiversity is increasingly recognised as an inestimable element of our heritage. The protection of rare and endagered species and habitats was the purpose of the Natura 2000 ecological network, established by Directive 92/43/EEC. The network also embraces areas established under Directive 79/409/EEC. Article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC sets out provisions which govern the conservation and management of Natura 2000 sites, i. e. it determines the relationship between conservation and land use. That is why this article is often considered as one of the most important of all 24 articles of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Taking this into account, the author of this paper analyses the content of proactive, preventive and procedural requirements set out in the article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC, she also discusses the main problems of implementation of these requirement into Lithuanian legislation and the problems of applying these requirements in practice. The author emphasises the importance of the duty to ensure that national legislation intended to transpose article 6 of the Directive 92/43/EEC is clear and precise enough and gives examples from national legislation, which show, that this duty is not fulfilled properly.

The principal objective of sites selected as part of Natura 2000 is to achieve or maintain a favourable conservation status of habitats and species named in the EU Birds and Habitats directives. In the German exclusive economic zone, the habitat types protected by this legislation are sandbanks and reefs; protected species include marine mammals, seabirds, and specific migratory fish species. The ICES project Environmentally Sound Fishery Management in Protected Areas (EMPAS) aims to answer two questions: (i) To what extent do specific fishing activities significantly threaten attainment of the conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 sites? (ii) What management measures would reduce these conflicts and how effective would they be at helping to ensure the favourable condition of these sites? Assessments of fishing impacts on Natura 2000 sites require basic data on the conservation status of individual habitats and species, as well as data for fine-scale distributions of ongoing fishing activities. This paper describes and discusses the process used by the EMPAS project in developing fishery-management plans for each Natura 2000 site in German offshore waters.

Le CRPF Nord-Picardie, opérateur désigné pour l'élaboration du document d'objectifs (DOCOB) d'un site Natura 2000 majoritairement composé de forêts privées, s'est d'abord attaché à vaincre les réticences des propriétaires. A cette occasion, il a montré qu'on peut apaiser leurs craintes par la consultation préalable et le respect d'un minimum de formes. Les méthodes d'étude préalable aux aménagements forestiers ont montré un guand intérêt dans cette situation nouvelle. Elles permettent notamment de capitaliser les éléments de connaissance des habitats cartographiés pour élaborer des catalogues des stations et habitats forestiers. Sur ce site, la gestion qui est actuellement menée par les propriétaires est satisfaisante. Ce résultat était prévisible: la forêt est, en France et depuis plusieurs siècles, l'espace naturel le plus géré mais aussi le plus encadré.

The agricultural and forestry use of land does not only mark large parts of the European Union, but also a significant share of land within the European ecological network Natura 2000. Member States, therefore, try to exempt as far as possible these land uses from the protection regime of Natura 2000-sites. However, at the same time, Member States latest reports on habitats and wild species of Community importance indicate that, in particular, the intensification of agriculture and forestry in recent decades has made it more difficult to improve conservation statuses or even worsened them. Hence, the aim of this article is to examine in detail the extent to which the protection regime of Article 6(2 and 3) Habitats Directive is applicable to land-use in agriculture and forestry. In this context, of particular relevance is the question of when the use of land in agriculture and forestry or individual management measures within and near Natura 2000-sites are projects for which an appropriate assessment is necessary before implementation; and which, in the case that significant adverse effects to a site cannot be ruled out, are permitted only under the reasons for exemption given in Article 6(4) Habitats Directive. The analysis includes the case law of the European Court of Justice, as well as decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the German Federal Administrative Court.

The Natura 2000 network consists of sites designated by the member States of the European Union, under the Habitats and Birds Directives. Setting up that network is one of the biggest challenge in nature conservation in Europe, since habitats and species for which Natura 2000 sites are designated must be maintained in a "favorable conservation status". Little is known so far, however, about how Natura 2000 sites are invaded by exotics species. Xeric habitats of high biological value included in the Natura 2000 network are among the most species-rich in Southern Belgium. They include calcareous grasslands, sandy meadows, dry heathlands, boxwood stands, siliceous rocks and calcareous rocks. We randomly sampled 15% of sites in each of these six categories (with a minimum of five sites per category) , with a total of 86 sites out of 470 existing sites. In each site, we recorded the presence/absence of 63 alien plants know to develop in xeric habitats (species list based on Verloove (2006) and expert's personnal observations.), and estimated species cover. 25 naturalized alien plant species were observed in xeric habitats of the Natura 2000 network in Southern Belgium. Generally, alien species populations were still limited.