Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe zurkhaneh is a place where the alleged indigenous martial system of Iran is practiced. Because of its strong ties to wrestling, the system is based mainly on physical strength necessary for a wrestling match. Exercises are performed to the rhythm of a hand-held drum and songs. The zurkhaneh is a living tradition, and traces of the historical context in which a particular zurkhaneh was founded are visible in its teachings. The purpose of this paper is to determine the changes, which took place in the zurkhaneh during three periods in the city of Shiraz.

The most familiar of Hafez's poems in the English-speaking world is the so-called "Turk of Shiraz" ghazal, a much translated and frequently discussed poem that has been called a number of things which it isn't: A great poem, a grand philosophical utterance, a unified composition and a typical Hafezian ghazal. And it hasn't been called something which it may well be: a verse-song intended for recital with musical accompaniment.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung beruht auf drei Ausgangsthesen: 1.Es gibt eine reiche internationale Literatur zum Thema "islamische Gärten" und auch zum engeren Thema "iranische Gartenkunst". Doch ist diese überwiegend (garten-) kunsthistorisch ausgerichtet und regional, manchmal auch zeitlich relativ unspezifisch und für die Praxis der Denkmalpflege nur bedingt hilfreich. 2.Auf der anderen Seite ist die Denkmalpflege inzwischen im Iran gut institutionalisiert, widmet sich aber historischen Gärten als schutzwürdigen Objekten noch nicht so intensiv, wie dies geboten ist. Diese Beobachtung steht im Widerspruch dazu, dass Gärten in der iranischen Kulturgeschichte eine außerordentliche Rolle spielten. 3.Die demographische Dynamik der iranischen Gesellschaft stellt die Verwaltungen der Städte vor so viele akute Aufgaben, dass diese nur selten dazu kommen, langfristige Strategien zu verfolgen. Doch zeigt die internationale Erfahrung, dass das kulturelle Erbe einer Stadt und Region zu einem wichtigen Impulsgeber für die Stadtentwicklung werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich die vorliegende exemplarische Untersuchung dem grünen kulturellen Erbe von Shiraz/širāz, der Hauptstadt jener Provinz Fars/fārs, die als Ausgangspunkt der iranischen Gartenkunst gelten kann. Die Stadt zehrt national und international vom Nimbus des Gartenzentrums. Wie berechtigt ist diese Vorstellung? Wenn sie sich als zutreffend erweist, welchen Beitrag kann man dann vom grünen Erbe für die zukünftige Stadtentwicklung erwarten? Den Anfang bilden methodische Überlegungen und eine möglichst umfassende Literaturübersicht zum Stand der Forschung. Das zweite Kapitel bildet den Versuch, das "grüne kulturelle Erbe" des Iran zu strukturieren und überblicksartig vorzustellen. Es folgt eine monographische Übersicht zu den natürlichen und kulturhistorischen Aspekten der Stadt und ihres Umlands. Den Hauptteil bildet eine Inventur von 14 zugänglichen historischen Gärten innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen von Shiraz/širāz, die im Rahmen von 5 Aufenthalten vor Ort zwischen 2005 und 2011 entstand. Die Erhebung orientiert sich methodisch an ähnlichen Verfahren der Gartendenkmalpflege in Europa und erfolgte im Austausch mit Vertretern der örtlichen Denkmalpflege. Den Abschluss bilden Folgerungen zur Gartenkunstgeschichte und Denkmalpflege, die bei kurzfristigen und strategischen Entscheidungen zur Stadtentwicklung berücksichtigt werden sollten. ; This study is based on three assumptions: 1.The bulk of the existing wide range of literature on Islamic gardens and even about Persian gardens is rather unspecific as far as time or space are concerned. Being mostly written from the viewpoint of art history or garden history, these documents are not necessarily of use for practitioners of garden conservation. 2.On the other hand, the institutional framework for the preservation and restoration of historical monuments and sites is well established in Iran today. But these institutions are not as concerned with historic gardens as they probably should. This stands in stark contrast to the role of gardens in the Iranian cultural history. 3.The dynamic, demographical development of the Iranian society – population growth and urbanization – is the most outstanding challenge for government on the national, regional and local level. Solutions must be found for so many pressing immediate needs, that long term strategies for urban and regional development can hardly be formulated let alone be implemented. Within this setting it is difficult to fully mobilize the cultural heritage of a city as an asset for urban development. Based on these assumptions, this case study is focusing on the green cultural heritage of the City of Shiarz/širāz, the capital of the region of Fars/fārs, which can be considered the birthplace of Iranian garden architecture. The city enjoys the national and international reputation as center of gardening and of the fine arts. How does reality live up to that image? If the image is accurate, what can one expect from the green heritage, what role will it play in future city development? The study starts with some methodical considerations and an extensive overview of current literature as well as state of research. The second chapter is an attempt to categorize and structure the "green, cultural heritage" of Iran and provides an introductory overview. This is followed by a monographic presentation of the natural and cultural aspects of the city and the region. The main part is a rather detailed survey of 14 accessible, mostly protected historic gardens within the city of Shiraz/širāz, which have been studied during five field trips between 2005 and 2011. Methodically, the study follows the design of comparable inventories for the preservation of historic gardens in Europe. It has been conducted in exchange with representatives of local offices of preservation. The study ends with conclusions related to garden history and preservation, which should be taken into account for the successful integration of this heritage into short­term as well as strategic city development.

SummaryIn a sample of 260 married men in Shiraz, the relationship is studied of fertility to demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial variables, the last measuring the perceived economic value of children. The number of children ever born is closely associated with duration of marriage, but socioeconomic variables also exert a significant influence, especially the wife's educational level. Recent fertility is more closely associated with age of wife, but also with ownership of modern goods which is also the major factor in current contraceptive use. The perceived value of children appears unimportant, negligible in recent fertility and contraceptive use, and only showing a slight positive relationship between expected reliance on children for support in old age and the number of children ever born.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify possible treatment approaches that could be adopted and implemented in Shiraz (IRAN), for sustainable organic waste management. This work consists of five phases: evaluation of the current situation in the study area, mapping the state-of-the-knowledge in the field of organic waste treatment in Germany, assessment of the compost derived from mixed and source-separated waste streams, adapting sustainable concepts that are applicable to addressing the whole supply chain and examining the approaches to provide the ideal conditions during dry seasons.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify possible treatment approaches that could be adopted and implemented in Shiraz (IRAN), for sustainable organic waste management. This work consists of five phases: evaluation of the current situation in the study area, mapping the state-of-the-knowledge in the field of organic waste treatment in Germany, assessment of the compost derived from mixed and source-separated waste streams, adapting sustainable concepts that are applicable to addressing the whole supply chain and examining the approaches to provide the ideal conditions during dry seasons.