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Federal employment law designed to assure equal employment opportunity for faculty has only been applicable to higher education since 1972. Prior to 1972, the higher education world, moreover, was immune from the most comprehensive federal employment law, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, Title VII was amended in 1972 to include education institutions. Ever since the protection of the civil rights law was extended to higher education, faculty employment discrimination litigation has increased. The reality of this phenomenal growth in litigation is clear, the potential for judicial intervention in academic decision making is undeniable, and reliance on the judicial process is increasingly becoming common. Thus, no institution of higher education may consider itself immune from the possibilities of litigation, nor immune from the decisions handed down by the courts. The main focus of this study was a legal one, which necessitated a heavy concentration upon the historical and current state of employment discrimination law, specifically, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The study was conducted by using a combination of legislative analysis and legal research methods. The legal research methods used in this study included the same problem-solving processes as other traditional research methods: (1) collecting data; (2) analysis; and (3) interpretation. The main purpose of this study was to examine, analyze, and summarize legislative history and case law relevant to Title VII, and sex discrimination in higher education. In summary, although Title VII prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex and national origin, the issues surrounding women faculty and sex discrimination is probably the fastest growing area of litigation for administrators on the university campus. Therefore, this study was an attempt to examine the employment discrimination issues and developments pertaining to sex discrimination only. College and university administrators may find this study useful for: (1) examining Title VII, and its amendments; (2) examining sex discrimination case law; and (3) utilizing the research for developing procedures, policies and guidelines to minimize potential lawsuits. ; Ed. D.

Intro -- SEX DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS AND PROPOSALS -- SEX DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS AND PROPOSALS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SEXUAL HARASSMENT: DEVELOPMENTS IN FEDERAL LAW* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Law -- Quid Pro Quo Harassment -- Hostile Environment Harassment -- Same-Sex Harassment -- Remedies -- Liability of Employers and Supervisors for Monetary Damages -- Vicarious Employer Liability: the Ellerth/Faragher Affirmative Defense -- Constructive Discharge -- Personal Liability of Harassing Supervisors and Co-workers -- Retaliation -- Sexual Harassment in the Schools -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Equal Protection Cases -- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact -- Pregnancy Discrimination -- Gender Stereotypes -- Mixed Motives -- Sexual Harassment -- Same-Sex Sexual Harassment -- Employer Liability -- Retaliation -- Class Action Status -- Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT (ENDA)* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Coverage -- Prohibited Acts -- Sexual Orientation -- Gender Identity -- Exceptions for the Armed Forces and Religious Organizations -- Enforcement and Remedies -- End Notes -- Chapter 4 PAY EQUITY LEGISLATION* -- Summary -- The Gender Wage Gap -- Historical and Current Trends -- Explanations of and Remedies for the Gender Pay Differential -- Legal and Legislative Background -- Laws That Combat Sex-Based Wage Discrimination -- "Comparable Worth" Litigation -- The Ledbetter Case and Subsequent Legislation

Legislation prohibiting age discrimination in the United States dates back to the 1960s, when along with the Equal Pay Act and the Civil Rights Act barring discrimination against women and minorities, Congress passed the 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Questions regarding the rationale for and effectiveness of age discrimination legislation are likely to become increasingly important in light of a rapidly aging population in the United States (and other industrialized countries). This article provides a summary, critical review, and synthesis of what we know about age discrimination legislation. It first traces out the legislative history and the evolving case law and discusses implementation of the law. It then reviews the existing research on age discrimination legislation—research that addresses the rationale for the legislation, its effectiveness, and criticisms. (JEL J1, J7, L3)

Preliminary -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I. A Silver Anniversary -- Opening Address I. Dr Helen Watchirs OAM -- Opening Address II. Hon. Susan Ryan AO -- Opening Address III. Chris Ronalds AM, SC -- Part II. Then and Now -- 1. The Sex Discrimination Act and its Rocky Rite of Passage. Margaret Thornton and Trish Luker -- 2. A Radical Prequel: Historicising the Concept of Gendered Lawin Australia. Ann Genovese -- 3. Women's Work is Never Done: The Pursuit of Equality and the Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act. Marian Sawer -- 4. 'To Demand Equality is to Lack Ambition': Sex discrimination Legislation-Contexts and Contradictions. Susan Magarey -- Part III. Critiquing the SDA -- 5. The Sex Discrimination Act at 25: Reflections on the Past, Present and Future. Beth Gaze -- 6. The Sex Discrimination Act: Advancing Gender Equality and Decent Work? Sara Charlesworth -- 7. Reproducing Discrimination: Promoting the Equal Sharing of Caring Work in CEDAW, at the ILO and in the SDA. Caroline Lambert -- Part IV. Equivocations of Equality -- 8. Equality Unmodified? Reg Graycar and Jenny Morgan -- 9. And Which 'Equality Act' Would that Be? Simon Rice -- 10. Rethinking the Sex Discrimination Act: Does Canada's Experience Suggest we Should give our Judges a Greater Role? Belinda Smith -- 11. Equality as a Basic Human Right: Choice and Responsibility. Archana Parashar -- Part V. Women's Rights as Human Rights -- 12. Raising Women Up: Analysing Australian Advocacy for Women's Rights under International and Domestic Law. Susan Harris Rimmer -- 13. Can We Feminise Human Rights? Margaret Thornton -- 14. Sex, Race and Questions of Aboriginality. Irene Watson and Sharon Venne -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Index.

Discrimination in the gamer community is rampant, as evidenced by the recent GamerGate controversy. Though females make up 45 percent of all gamers, nearly 90 percent of all game designers are male. This has resulted in troubling portrayals of women in the games, which can leave lasting impressions on young people playing them. Even more serious is the abuse women face in gamer communities and as professionals in the industry. This timely resource will help teens make sense of the issues facing them when they participate in video game culture

Cover -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Additional Resources -- Introduction -- 1 Sex Discrimination in Canadian Law -- 2 "No Jews or Dogs Allowed" -- 3 Gender and Canada's Human Rights State -- 4 Women and Anti-Discrimination Law in British Columbia, 1953-69 -- 5 Jack Sherlock and the Failed Human Rights Act, 1969-73 -- 6 Kathleen Ruff and the Human Rights Code, 1973-79 -- 7 Struggling to Innovate, 1979-83 -- 8 Making New Law under the Human Rights Code -- 9 The Politics of (Undermining) Human Rights -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

This collection of essays arose from a conference held to mark the silver anniversary of the Australian Sex Discrimination Act (1984). The collection has two aims: first; to honour the contributions of both the spirited individuals who valiantly fought for the enactment of the legislation against the odds, and those who championed the new law once it was passed; secondly, to present a stock-take of the Act within the changed socio-political environment of the 21st century. The contributors present clear-eyed appraisals of the legislation, in addition to considering new forms of legal regulation, such as Equality Act, and the significance of a Human Rights Act. The introduction of a proactive model, which would impose positive duties on organisations, is explored as an alternative to the existing individual complaint-based model of legislation. The contributors also pay attention to the international human rights framework, particularly the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. The essays are illuminated by recourse to a rich vein of historical and contemporary literature. Regard is also paid to the comparative experience of other jurisdictions, particularly the UK and Canada.