Suchergebnisse

published_or_final_version ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Public Administration

Vol. 10: Final report. ; Vol. 4 issued in 4 pts.; Vol. 5 issued with 8 appendices. ; Some vols. also have a distinctive title. ; Titles vary slightly. ; Mode of access: Internet.

H. R. 7968, 7998, 8116, 8234, 8959, 9264, 9737, 9893, 9987, 10052, 10078, 10118, 10123, 10167, and S. 1766. "Serial P." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Mumbai has the fourth largest population in the world (12.4 million inhabitants, 2011 Census of India) this results in a lot of regular commuter flow from nearby towns, such as Navi Mumbai and Thane, resulting in a wide range of services. Mumbai has invested in expanding its basic services to meet the population's needs, such as water supply, solid waste disposal, and wastewater collection and treatment in order to meet its growing needs. However, there is a gap between what is offered and what is needed by the general public, creating a gap. The emphasis has been on urban sewerage treatment and disposal in centralized networks traditionally, using water for storage and treatment requires water use as well as well as capital and energy resources. According to recent figures, 50-80% of untreated wastewater flows into oceans until infrastructure is in place, Indian cities are forced to reconsider sanitation concepts should make full use of cost-effective and long-term solutions. Domestic wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal facilities have been in place since the 1880s, and have been expanded as the city has grown. There are 1,998 km of sewers, 62 sewage pumping stations, 9 provisional treatment facilities, marine outfalls at three locations, three stage lagoons at one site, and single stage lagoons at two locations in the current sewerage infrastructure with seven areas. The first part of the Mumbai's sewage treatment (stage I) was approved by the Indian government's Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). In 2025, the second stage of MSDP wastewater treatment and discharge facilities are being planned in which phases the developer can incorporate treatment as well as discharge requirements. The main aim of the MSDP II is to provide cleaner and healthier air for Mumbai residents while reducing the negative impacts of wastewater disposal on the environment. Milan is currently implementing the Phase II Mumbai Sewage Plan which lays out achievable and quantified goals for the year 2025. It is estimated that the project would cost INR 1,510 million. Approximately 2240 US dollars. Table 1 displays the total expense, operation, and maintenance costs of wastewater treatment plants. In South India, Godfrey et al. conducted a water reclamation study using conventional economics, the advantages were worth $100 each. 3:7 studies looked at the environmental costs of wastewater treatment plants. The authors estimated the economic cost and benefits of water and sanitation improvements. This research aims to decide whether Mumbai's proposed second stage of sewage treatment is advantageous economically, socially, and environmentally. Rapid urbanization combined with growth has resulted in substantial wastewater production in towns and cities. However, it has yet to be completed. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), about 37,000 MLD of class I and 2,855 MLD of class II sewage was generated in 2009. It must now be disposed of. Inessentially, it invariably makes its way through the water system and poses a hazard to the general population. It may sink into the ground and contaminate the aquifer. Once again, people's water is dirty. This case study looks at 2 different projects in Mumbai, all of which are designed to improve the quality of the city's waste water and sewage system. Nature and electric-mechanical technology were investigated as part of the initial research for natural and electrical wastewater treatment. Three studies were chosen after a thorough investigation: on three different scales: community, organizational, and person levels. Usage of the land with little to no capital is applied in treating wastewater in all three of the case studies in this study, and returned to the site where it is made for re-use.

Objective: Insanitary disposal of sewage is a problem that contributes to pollution and impacts negatively on human health. It contributes significantly to the prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases. This study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of sewage disposal among selected residents of Abattoir community of Jos South LGA, Plateau State.Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents. Semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaires were used to collect data which was analyzed with Epi info 3.5.4. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for this study.Results: A total of 120 adults from selected households were interviewed. A mean age of 31± 2 years was found with a male:female ratio of 1:1.4. Adequate knowledge regarding sewage disposal was found among 94% of respondents. The flush/pour-flush toilet connected to septic tank, simple pit latrine and open defaecation were the methods found in use among them. The choice of sewage disposal type was statistically significantly related to level of education. Other reasons that influenced choice of toilet methods were hygiene, convenience, affordability and ease of maintenance. No cases of diarrhoea were reported in 90% of the households in the 6 months prior to the study.Conclusion: Despite the commendable findings in this community, the community is still at risk due to the poor practices of a few that were persisting in the community. Both government and community efforts are required to ensure that basic toilet facilities are available to all.Keywords: sewage disposal, knowledge, practice, urban community

ABSTRACTThe discharge of sewage to the unique UK coastal environment has been a traditional and cost‐effective means of treatment for many decades. This disposal option is increasingly questioned by professionals with public‐health responsibilities as well as by environmental pressure groups. There are limited firm data on the epidemiological significance of existing disposal practices: the established prospective methods, developed by North American workers in this area, have not provided a scientifically‐robust, epidemiological, research protocol. This leaves a scientific vacuum for those with operational and policy responsibilities in this important and sensitive area of water resource management.

published_or_final_version ; Environmental Management ; Master ; Master of Science in Environmental Management

A mathematical model for the design of marine sewage disposal systems in accordance with the criteria of the EU Bathing Water Directive is developed and applied to the design of the outfall of the sewage from Athens, Greece. The model calculates the reduction of fecal coliforms due to initial and subsequent dilutions and die-off due to the effect of solar radiation and predicts the concentrations of fecal coliforms at the bathing area for specific hours and current velocities. A combination of these results with the probability distribution of the velocity of the sea currents results in a frequency distribution of fecal coliform concentrations at the bathing area thus enabling evaluations with respect to conformity to the statistical criteria of the EU Directive. The application of the model to the disposal system for the sewage of Athens shows that conformity, without the use of effluent disinfection, can be achieved for the nearest bathing area, located at a distance of 3.4 km from the outfall, irrespective of the definition of the bathing hours (8 am-8 pm or 24 hrs) and for a sufficiently conservative mortality rate. These results indicate that under Mediterranean or similar conditions, with typical wind induced currents, a sewage field travel distance of a few kilometres is sufficient to ensure bathing areas against infection, without the need for sewage disinfection. It should, however, be stressed that these conclusions are valid on the assumption that the sampling procedures outlined in the EU Directive refer to uniformly distributed sampling throughout the bathing period of the day or season.

published_or_final_version ; abstract ; toc ; Applied Geosciences ; Master ; Master of Science