Suchergebnisse

This book aims at contributing to address some of the challenge that developing countries, especially the least-developing countries, face in the design of trade in service policies and to provide governments with tools to better incorporate services in their export strategies, including negotiations and cooperation with trading partners, and unilateral reforms. This book helps to identify key policy challenges faced by developing country trade negotiators, regulatory policy officials and/or service suppliers. Management of both policy reforms and trade agreements requires investments in sounder regulatory regimes and the establishment of enforcement mechanisms to help countries gradually opening and mitigate any potential downside risks. A successful strategy requires a proper sequencing that through an orderly and transparent process allows to prepare for greater competition. Developing countries face serious resource and administrative constraints to adequately negotiate multiple services agreements that serve their trade interest. For many developing countries, the administrative burden of handling and negotiating multiple trade agreements has become a serious concern and this can hamper their opportunities to obtain adequate market access for their services exports. The book develops in detail the methodological framework for the construction of a database and the core elements that will comprise it, to help countries to organize and manage their services commitments. Little attention has been devoted to the organization/preparation and the development, assessment and conclusion of the negotiation process. The book presents a simulation exercise designed for policymakers, trade negotiators, and trade practitioners working in the area of services. This exercise will help them to better understand the preparatory and negotiating stages of the

Unless more effective ways can be found to deliver high-yielding seed to farmers in developing countries, the hoped-for "green revolution" in maize production will remain elusive. This comprehensive reference examines the spectrum of technical, economic, and institutional issues that will have to be resolved if maize seed industries are to succeed in reaching greater numbers of those farmers. Ten thematic chapters are followed by nine case studies illustrating the range of developmental paths taken by national maize seed industries—and indicating which institutional arrangements appear to be most effective at fostering rapid and equitable growth in maize production

Developing countries have so far been concerned about securing access to the industrial-country markets only for their primary and manufactured products. Despite the relative unimportance of their services, it is in their long-term interests to ensure events such as 'EC 1992' do not frustrate future attempts to establish competitive service exports. (SJK)

Current international financing (primarily ODA) for environmental services in developing countries is very roughly estimated to be upwards of $21 billion annually (not including climate change financing), but additional resources on the order of tens, if not hundreds, of billions of dollars are needed. In 2009, environmental ODA was estimated at $18 billion with a few billion more delivered through philanthropic and market-based financing channels. Although there are only a few studies of the additional financing needed, and those are relatively narrow in scope, the estimates that are available clearly indicate that significantly higher levels of finance still need to be reached. Additionally, the impacts of environmental finance on environmental sustainability and development objectives are poorly understood. Systematic reviews of previous experience, and standardized monitoring in the future, would support the countries and projects monitored, while also providing important lessons for the broader development and environment communities.

In the past decade, the problems of primary health care delivery have encompassed the problems of poverty, illness, fertility, mortality, & preventive medicine. Basic medicine-oriented at the village level by various medical groups, government strategies, & international health programs-or decentralization & expansion of Ur medicine to Ru areas have been the diverse experimental approaches. Many of the programs have not been sustained or successful over the long term. It is necessary to question whether primary health care is then the best form of medicine, or merely the one we are most habituated to & comfortable with. Primary health care, in & of itself, may not be nearly as effective as multidisciplinary approaches integrating SE planning, social sciences, epidemiologists, medical administrators, etc. Trial & error over time & endurance are the best indicators of what will & will not constitute the best approach & delivery of medical service. Present systems of primary health care should not be scrapped, but neither so firmly entrenched as to be unmodifiable. 1 Table. A. Rothman.