Suchergebnisse

Divorce, separation, and remarriage have become a normative part of family life. These changes have led to a diversification of the behaviors, attitudes, and norms concerning marriage and family. To better comprehend these issues, this volume addresses topics including: marital instability step-parenting and extra-marital affairs, among others.

The seperation of powers, an important rule in Democratic system, has been created to protect the abuse of the power. By the groung rule, the sovereign power belongs to the people. The power shall be exercised by three different organizations. Then, the Legislative power, the Executive power and the Judicial power shall be used by the National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Courts in order. Moreover, to prevent one branch to becoming supreme, the seperation of power need a measure to balance each of these branchs. The checks and balances rule is designed to allow each branch to restrain abuse by another branch. There is often an independent judiciary. The Judicial power might get stucked if an over checking and an intervention have been done by other branches. Therefore, Judicial Immunity, a form of legal immunity which protects judges by the judiciary from lawsuits brought against them for official conduct in office, is an important rule to protect the freedom of Judicial power. This rule was created in England and has been used in the United States for a long period of time. However, the over range of Judicial Immunity might course much effect to people. Therefore, Judicial Immunity must not make a conflict to Due process of law.

Aus indischer Sicht

The article is dedicated to the risk of power and power of risk analysis, definitions of risk and substantiation of its objective nature, which is determined by the system of ruling social relations. Criticism is presented of Luhmann's and Beck's views, which ignore the objective nature of risk and its definitions. The risk of power and power of risk are concepts that reflect the different summation of connections and relations, where risk acts as a means for maintaining a dominant relationship. Objectivity of risk stems from the fact that the prevailing relationship is not a product of independent initiatives by people, but it is a result of relations mediated by items and things in which the mediator transforms itself from an ordinary "panderer" into absolute power of influence over an individual. The mediator becomes objective power, in other words, subjectless power which eventually submits to human will and substantiates power-wielding actions and power-wielding decisions, which aspire to the subjectless power's pole and is at risk for losing power. While rotating between subjectless power and the individual, the repulsion force from individuals' interests surpasses the force of attraction towards them. Risk, being woven into dominant relations, separates into independent being as a means of preserving these relations, in the form of negating the positive prospects of individual being, shifting social risks onto the shoulders of individuals, and turning them into subjective risks whereby the individual bears fully responsibility when making wrong decisions. Metamorphoses of the reduction of objective risks, inherent in society, into subjective and individual risks and the reduction of individual risks into objective and public risks, through a complex system of relations and interdependencies, end in conflict. Within conflict, risk is objectified in actions, which demolish the opposition of negative prospects. Conflict asserts a relations' system in which risk weakens and fades.

There are two rival conceptions of power in modern sociopolitical thought. According to one, all social power reduces to power-over-others. According to another, the core notion is power-to-effect-outcomes, to which even power-over reduces. This article defends seven theses. First, agential social power consists in a relation between agent and outcomes (power-to). Second, not all social power reduces to power-over and, third, the contrary view stems from conflating power-over with a distinct notion: power-despite-resistance. Fourth, the widespread assumption that social power presupposes the capacity to overcome resistance is false: social power includes the capacity to effect outcomes with others' assistance. Fifth, power-with can be exercised via joint intentional action, strategic coordination and non-strategic coordination. Sixth, agential social power is best analysed as a capacity to effect outcomes, with the assistance of others, despite the resistance of yet others. Seventh, power-over and power-with are not mutually exclusive: each can ground the other.