Suchergebnisse

A total number of 15095 ANCs were recruited and blood samples were collected across 13 districts in the state of Andhra Pradesh during the HSS 2014-15. The median ages of respondents were 22 years in the state. The age distribution was 75.6% in the age group 15-24 years and 23.9% in the age group 25-34 years. • HIV Prevalence among the age group of 15-24 was 0.27% and the same was 0.52% in 25-49 years age group. • The proportion of illiterate ANC was 16.6% at the state level and the HIV prevalence among them was 0.7% • At district level, the proportions of illiterates were varied from 6.7% in East Godavari to 25.2% in Prakasam. • At the state level, 47.9% of the respondents reported being pregnant for the first time. • The state level HIV prevalence among ANC clinic attendees in primi-gravida was 0.4%, second gravida was 0.3%, third gravida was 0.1% and in fourth gravida it was 1.6%. • At the district level, the primi-gravida varies between 33.3% in Cuddapah to 60.2% in Srikakulam. • Government hospital/ANM/ASHA was identified as the major source of referral to ANC clinics, which accounted for 50.7% of respondents. • Referrals from the government service providers were higher in the districts of Vizianagaram (87.8%), Srikakulam (86.1%), Cuddapah (77.8%) and West Godavari (77.0%). • Highest HIV prevalence (0.5%) was seen in people of Self Referrals. • At the state level, 71.1% of respondents reported to be currently residing in rural areas. • The HIV Prevalence among both in Urban and Rural was calculated as 0.3%. The urban district with highest HIV prevalence was Guntur (1.1%) and the rural district with highest HIV prevalence was Cudappah (0.8%). • At the state level, the majority of the respondents (73.9%) were housewives. • 1% of HIV prevalence was seen among the pregnant mothers whose occupations were reported as Non-Agricultural Labourer and 0.5% was the prevalence seen in Skilled / Semiskilled workers. • At the state level, accounting for more than one-fourths (31.9%) spouse occupations were Agricultural ...

The European Parliament requested EFSA to develop a holistic risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. To this end, a systems-based approach that is composed of two core components: a monitoring system and a modelling system are put forward with honey bees taken as a showcase. Key developments in the current scientific opinion (including systematic data collection from sentinel beehives and an agent-based simulation) have the potential to substantially contribute to future development of environmental risk assessments of multiple stressors at larger spatial and temporal scales. For the monitoring, sentinel hives would be placed across representative climatic zones and landscapes in the EU and connected to a platform for data storage and analysis. Data on bee health status, chemical residues and the immediate or broader landscape around the hives would be collected in a harmonised and standardised manner, and would be used to inform stakeholders, and the modelling system, ApisRAM, which simulates as accurately as possible a honey bee colony. ApisRAM would be calibrated and continuously updated with incoming monitoring data and emerging scientific knowledge from research. It will be a supportive tool for beekeeping, farming, research, risk assessment and risk management, and it will benefit the wider society. A societal outlook on the proposed approach is included and this was conducted with targeted social science research with 64 beekeepers from eight EU Member States and with members of the EU Bee Partnership. Gaps and opportunities are identified to further implement the approach. Conclusions and recommendations are made on a way forward, both for the application of the approach and its use in a broader context.

Abstract The European Parliament requested EFSA to develop a holistic risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. To this end, a systems-based approach that is composed of two core components: a monitoring system and a modelling system are put forward with honey bees taken as a showcase. Key developments in the current scientific opinion (including systematic data collection from sentinel beehives and an agent-based simulation) have the potential to substantially contribute to future development of environmental risk assessments of multiple stressors at larger spatial and temporal scales. For the monitoring, sentinel hives would be placed across representative climatic zones and landscapes in the EU and connected to a platform for data storage and analysis. Data on bee health status, chemical residues and the immediate or broader landscape around the hives would be collected in a harmonised and standardised manner, and would be used to inform stakeholders, and the modelling system, ApisRAM, which simulates as accurately as possible a honey bee colony. ApisRAM would be calibrated and continuously updated with incoming monitoring data and emerging scientific knowledge from research. It will be a supportive tool for beekeeping, farming, research, risk assessment and risk management, and it will benefit the wider society. A societal outlook on the proposed approach is included and this was conducted with targeted social science research with 64 beekeepers from eight EU Member States and with members of the EU Bee Partnership. Gaps and opportunities are identified to further implement the approach. Conclusions and recommendations are made on a way forward, both for the application of the approach and its use in a broader context.

Intro -- Introduction -- Unique Epidemics of HIV/AIDS in China -- Responding in the Chinese Way -- Milestones -- Faster Movement from Science to Policy Implementation -- References -- Contents -- Part I: Epidemiology -- 1: Evolution of HIV/AIDS Epidemics in China -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The HIV Outbreak Among People Who Inject Drugs -- 1.3 HIV Spread Among Plasma Sellers -- 1.4 Transmission via Heterosexual Contact -- 1.5 The Epidemic Among Men Who Have Sex with Men -- 1.6 HIV Transmission from Mother to Child -- 1.7 The Current Epidemiology of HIV in China: Parallel Epidemics -- References -- 2: The National HIV Surveillance Program -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Early Sentinel Surveillance in China -- 2.3 Toward Second-Generation Surveillance -- 2.4 Adapting to Meet Evolving Needs -- 2.5 Interpreting Sentinel Surveillance Results -- 2.6 The Added Value of Behavioral Surveillance -- 2.7 Estimating the Denominator -- 2.8 HIV Case Reporting Re-prioritized -- 2.9 Surveillance of Drug Resistance -- 2.10 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Controlling Syphilis and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The Biology of Syphilis -- 3.1.2 Syphilis in China, 1979 and Prior -- 3.1.3 Syphilis in China, 1980-2010 -- 3.1.3.1 Key Populations -- 3.1.3.2 China's Early Response -- 3.1.3.3 Surveillance -- 3.1.3.4 The Emergence of HIV -- 3.2 The Epidemiology of Syphilis Since 2010 -- 3.2.1 Case Reporting -- 3.2.2 Key Affected Populations -- 3.3 National Strategies for Controlling Syphilis and Other STIs in China -- 3.3.1 Recognizing STI Prevention and Control as an Effective HIV Control Measure -- 3.3.2 National Plan for Syphilis Prevention and Control (2011-2020) -- 3.4 China's STI Epidemic: Responses and Challenges -- 3.4.1 Clinical Services (Effective Case Management) -- 3.4.1.1 Improving Quality of Care.

International audience ; The European Parliament requested EFSA to develop a holistic risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. To this end, a systems-based approach that is composed of two core components: a monitoring system and a modelling system are put forward with honey bees taken as a showcase. Key developments in the current scientific opinion (including systematic data collection from sentinel beehives and an agent-based simulation) have the potential to substantially contribute to future development of environmental risk assessments of multiple stressors at larger spatial and temporal scales. For the monitoring, sentinel hives would be placed across representative climatic zones and landscapes in the EU and connected to a platform for data storage and analysis. Data on bee health status, chemical residues and the immediate or broader landscape around the hives would be collected in a harmonised and standardised manner, and would be used to inform stakeholders, and the modelling system, ApisRAM, which simulates as accurately as possible a honey bee colony. ApisRAM would be calibrated and continuously updated with incoming monitoring data and emerging scientific knowledge from research. It will be a supportive tool for beekeeping, farming, research, risk assessment and risk management, and it will benefit the wider society. A societal outlook on the proposed approach is included and this was conducted with targeted social science research with 64 beekeepers from eight EU Member States and with members of the EU Bee Partnership. Gaps and opportunities are identified to further implement the approach. Conclusions and recommendations are made on a way forward, both for the application of the approach and its use in a broader context.

International audience ; The European Parliament requested EFSA to develop a holistic risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. To this end, a systems-based approach that is composed of two core components: a monitoring system and a modelling system are put forward with honey bees taken as a showcase. Key developments in the current scientific opinion (including systematic data collection from sentinel beehives and an agent-based simulation) have the potential to substantially contribute to future development of environmental risk assessments of multiple stressors at larger spatial and temporal scales. For the monitoring, sentinel hives would be placed across representative climatic zones and landscapes in the EU and connected to a platform for data storage and analysis. Data on bee health status, chemical residues and the immediate or broader landscape around the hives would be collected in a harmonised and standardised manner, and would be used to inform stakeholders, and the modelling system, ApisRAM, which simulates as accurately as possible a honey bee colony. ApisRAM would be calibrated and continuously updated with incoming monitoring data and emerging scientific knowledge from research. It will be a supportive tool for beekeeping, farming, research, risk assessment and risk management, and it will benefit the wider society. A societal outlook on the proposed approach is included and this was conducted with targeted social science research with 64 beekeepers from eight EU Member States and with members of the EU Bee Partnership. Gaps and opportunities are identified to further implement the approach. Conclusions and recommendations are made on a way forward, both for the application of the approach and its use in a broader context.

A key determinant of the efficiency of a surveillance system for exotic mites is whether an incursion might be detected sufficiently quickly to allow successful management actions to occur. To assess this possibility we have developed a spatial modeling system and synthesized knowledge of honeybee and mite behavior to explore the potential spread of exotic mites and the likelihood of their detection in sentinel hives. We find that increasing the number of hives and the efficiency of the detection method are the most effective means of improving the time to detection.

This study outlines the initial challenge presented by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, describes Djibouti's response, reviews the results achieved and the enabling factors in curbing the spread of the epidemic, and identifies remaining challenges. Between 2002 and 2008, HIV prevalence among young pregnant women aged 15-24 was reduced from 2.7 percent to 1.9 percent and among sentinel surveillance groups from 2.5 percent to 1.9 percent. HIV prevalence among tuberculosis patients was reduced from an estimated 22 percent to 12 percent. Condom use during last intercourse outside marriage increased from 27 percent to 55 percent and reached 95 percent among sex workers. Among the general population, awareness of HIV/AIDS increased to 95 percent and knowledge about transmission and prevention rose to 50 percent. Political commitment, engagement of community and religious leaders, rigorous communication, social marketing and the provision of an integrated package of medical and social services, and donor harmonization were among the key factors that contributed to the achievement of these results. Despite these impressive results in a relatively short period, Djibouti still has to address several challenges and consolidate program gains, but most importantly, funds are being mobilized from government resources to sustain the national AIDS control program.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of government HIV strategies that aimed to increase HIV testing uptake and frequency among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Design: We analysed HIV testing data from existing passive and sentinel surveillance systems between 2010 and 2018. Methods: Six indicators were measured: (1) state-wide total HIV laboratory tests; (2) number of GBM attending publicly-funded clinics; (3) 12-monthly testing uptake; (4) annual testing frequency; (5) HIV testing with a STI diagnosis; and (6) HIV positivity. Mathematical modelling was used to estimate (7) the proportion of men with undiagnosed HIV. Indicators were stratified by Australian vs. overseas-born. Results: Overall, 43,560 GBM attended participating clinics (22,662 Australian-born, 20,834 overseas-born) from 2010-2018. Attendees increased from 5,186 in 2010 to 16,507 in 2018. There were increasing trends (p<0.001 for all) in testing uptake (83.9% to 95.1%); testing with a STI diagnosis (68.7% to 94.0%); annual HIV testing frequency (1.4 to 2.7); and a decreasing trend (p<0.01) in HIV positivity (1.7% to 0.9%).Increases in testing were similar in Australian-born and overseas-born GBM. However, there were decreasing trends in the estimated undiagnosed HIV proportion overall (9.5% to 7.7%) and in Australian-born GBM (7.1% to 2.8%), but an increasing trend in overseas-born GBM (15.3% to 16.9%) (p<0.001 for all).

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Vietnam is still complicated. Two groups in high risks are people who injection drug and female sex workers (FSW). According to 2011 sentinel surveillance, HIV prevalence among PWID still high at 13.4%. Vietnam is making effort to control the HIV prevalence among PWID by many programs such as: needles and syringes program, methadone program, condom use program. Just review from some literature: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2015): ―World Drug Report 2015‖. ―HIV/AIDS Estimates and Projections 2007– 2012,‖ Vietnam Administration of HIV/AIDS Control. Vietnam AIDS response progress report 2014. Jason Eligh, HIV/AID Advisor, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Hanoi, Vietnam, response to the "UN HIV and IDU Reference Group: Request to Fill Data Gaps— Vietnam," Reference Group to the UN on HIV and Injecting Drug Use, 2009. D28 Routine Program Report. VAAC, MoH 2013. Vietnam AIDS response progress report 2014. World drug report 2013. Ahmed T, Thanh NL, Huong PT, Stewart DE. Drug injecting and HIV risk among injecting drug users in Hai Phong, Vietnam: a qualitative analysis. 2015. By the effort of government, Vietnam has step by step decline the percentage of HIV prevalence among PWID, from 23.1% in 2006 decline to 10.28% in 2012. Furthermore, the programs are applying still successful until now. Vietnam has been successful to decline the percentage of HIV prevalence among PWID.

AbstractSubnational estimates of HIV prevalence can inform the design of policy responses to the HIV epidemic. Such responses also benefit from a better understanding of the correlates of HIV status, including the association between HIV and geographical characteristics of localities. In recent years, several countries in Africa have implemented household surveys (such as DHS surveys) that include HIV testing of the adult population, providing estimates of HIV prevalence rates at the subnational level. These surveys are known to have nonresponse bias, but are nonetheless thought to represent a marked improvement over alternatives such as sentinel surveys. At present, however, most countries are not in a position to regularly field such household surveys. This paper proposes a new approach to the estimation of HIV prevalence for relatively small geographic areas in settings where national population‐based surveys of prevalence are not available. The proposed approach aims to overcome some of the difficulties with prevailing methods of deriving HIV prevalence estimates (at both national and subnational levels) directly from sentinel surveys. The paper also outlines some of the limitations of the proposed approach.

© 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. ; The European Parliament requested EFSA to develop a holistic risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. To this end, a systems-based approach that is composed of two core components: a monitoring system and a modelling system are put forward with honey bees taken as a showcase. Key developments in the current scientific opinion (including systematic data collection from sentinel beehives and an agent-based simulation) have the potential to substantially contribute to future development of environmental risk assessments of multiple stressors at larger spatial and temporal scales. For the monitoring, sentinel hives would be placed across representative climatic zones and landscapes in the EU and connected to a platform for data storage and analysis. Data on bee health status, chemical residues and the immediate or broader landscape around the hives would be collected in a harmonised and standardised manner, and would be used to inform stakeholders, and the modelling system, ApisRAM, which simulates as accurately as possible a honey bee colony. ApisRAM would be calibrated and continuously updated with incoming monitoring data and emerging scientific knowledge from research. It will be a supportive tool for beekeeping, farming, research, risk assessment and risk management, and it will benefit the wider society. A societal outlook on the proposed approach is included and this was conducted with targeted social science research with 64 beekeepers from eight EU Member States and with members of the EU Bee Partnership. Gaps and opportunities are identified to further implement the approach. Conclusions and recommendations are made on a way forward, both for the application of the approach and its use in a broader context. ; Peer reviewed

ObjectivesIn the Western Cape, South Africa, public-sector individual-level routine data are consolidated from multiple non-EMR sources through the Provincial Health Data Centre (PHDC). This enables the description of temporal changes in population-wide antenatal HIV sero-prevalence. We evaluated the validity of these data compared to aggregated program data and sentinel surveys.
ApproachWe conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of all pregnancies consolidated in the PHDC from January 2011 to December 2020. Evidence of antenatal and HIV care from electronic platforms (each with its own multi-source phenotype algorithm) were linked using a unique patient identifier. HIV prevalence estimates were triangulated with available sentinel national and provincial antenatal survey estimates as well as aggregated programmatic data from registers as recorded in the District Health Information System. Provincial, district-level and age-group HIV prevalence estimates were compared between data systems using correlation coefficients, absolute differences and trend analysis.
ResultsIn total, 982,914 pregnancies were ascertained with a median maternal age of 26.9 years. Between 2011–2013, PHDC HIV prevalence estimates were widely disparate from aggregate and survey data (due to incomplete electronic data) whereas, from 2014 onwards, estimates were more closely correlated to aggregate data estimates (r=0.83; p=0.02) with an average absolute prevalence difference of 0.97%. In keeping with survey and aggregate data trends, PHDC data show a relatively stable provincial HIV prevalence from 17.0 (95%CI 16.8%–17.2%) in 2015 to 18.9% (95%CI 18.7–19.1%) in 2020. The highest HIV prevalence was in the Cape Metro district (20.6%; 95%CI 20.4%–20.9%). Prevalence estimates by age group were comparable between sentinel surveys and PHDC from 2014 onwards with an average absolute prevalence difference of 1.6%.
ConclusionThis study is the first to compare sentinel sero-prevalence surveys with both register-based aggregate data and consolidated individuated administrative data. We show that in this setting linked individuated data may be reliably used for HIV surveillance and provide more granular estimates with greater efficiency.

Monitoring vegetation cover during winter is a major environmental and scientific issue in agricultural areas. From an environmental viewpoint, the presence and type of vegetation cover in winter influences the transport of pollutants to water resources. From a methodological viewpoint, characterizing spatio-temporal dynamics of land cover and land use at the field scale is challenging due to the diversity of farming strategies and practices in winter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the respective advantages of Sentinel optical and SAR time-series to identify land use in winter. To this end, Sentinel-1 and -2 time-series were classified using Support Vector Machine and Random Forest algorithms in a 130 km² agricultural area. From the classification, the Sentinel-2 time-series identified winter land use more accurately (overall accuracy (OA) = 75%, Kappa index = 0.70) than that of Sentinel-1 (OA = 70%, Kappa = 0.66) but a combination of the Sentinel-1 and -2 time-series was the most accurate (OA = 81%, Kappa = 0.77). Our study outlines the effectiveness of Sentinel-1 and -2 for identify land use in winter, which can help to change agricultural practices.