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641 653 7 6 ; S ; [EN] This paper describes a Second Law Analysis based on experimental data of a two-stage vapour compression facility driven by a compound compressor for medium and low-capacity refrigeration applications, which operates with the most usual inter-stage configurations (direct liquid injection and subcooler). The experimental analysis is performed for an evaporating temperature range between 36 degrees C and 20 degrees C and for a condensing temperature range between 30 degrees C and 47 degrees C using the refrigerant R-404A. The final results are compared with energy analysis from previous works. Additionally, a new criterion of equivalence between the simple vapour compression cycle and the two-stage compression cycle is given. The authors are indebted to the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (CTM2008-06468-C02-02/TECNO) and to the Spanish Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs (200800050084716) for their economic support to this work. Torrella Alcaraz, E.; Llopis, R.; Cabello, R.; Sanchez, D.; Larumbe, J. (2010). Second law analysis of two-stage vapour compression refrigeration plants. International Journal of Exergy. 7(6):641-653. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2010.035512

Analysing the lobbying situation of social movements and groups advocating for public interests, it can be seen that a majority of actors lack necessary financial resources, the capability to mobilise a sufficient number of contributors in relation to the society they aim to represent, and experience low levels of responsiveness by the contacted decision makers and politicians. Compared with narrow interest groups representing industry sectors or professions, public interest groups face competitive disadvantages or even discrimination which causes underrepresentation of relevant social, ecological, and humanitarian issues. As this situation has already been present throughout the last decades and does barely differ within different countries, the question needs to be raised, whether the application of current lobbying strategies is the best way to overcome this unfavourable setup or if there are more promising means to do so. In this thesis, the author will develop and establish a new lobbying approach labelled 'second-stage lobbyism'. The main idea of this strategy is to 'lobby the lobbyist' (second stage) instead of focusing on political decision makers (first stage). This enables even small interest groups to use the resources and political power of the target – the actor to be lobbied – to promote their own agenda. The elaborated model is based on simple spatial analyses and considers a variety of features of relevant theories and works within the fields of lobbying, collective action, and game theory. Key elements to successful second-stage measures are changing preferences on topics throughout time within a society. They allow interest groups to attract their potential second-stage targets by presenting (un)favourable potential scenarios such as market outcomes and thereby influencing their future lobbying activities. To illustrate the relevance of these changes of preferences for the developed model, empirical data compiled by the World Values Surveys from 1981 until 2014 on six selected countries will be analysed and interpreted with regards to 'second-stage lobbyism'. The overall results underline that an enhancement of public interest groups' strategy repertory is needed to gain more political influence and public attention. If applied correctly, 'second-stage lobbyism' is a valuable and powerful tool which can help to trigger and achieve the transformation of the currently unfavourable lobbying situation of social movements. Nonetheless, this lobbying strategy is still in its early stages of development and requires further research – theoretical and empirical.

The paper shows changes in the judiciary, in connection with the liquidation and creation of local courts in Ukraine. The necessity of creating more convenient access to the cases through the Internet is described, so that they will be solved more quickly, and the burden on the court specialists will be reduced. The positive changes and changes were analyzed, with the beginning of the second stage of judicial reform in 2018. The urgency of creating a separate electronic cabinet, for each case, where the court and participants in the trial process will be able to review all documents at any time, is substantiated. This minimizes the probability of delaying the cases when the parties challenge all decisions of the courts without exception.It has been determined that judicial reform involves the need for access to cases through the Internet. In the same way, different documents must be translated to higher authorities. Due to electronic circulation, they will be solved more quickly, the burden on the court experts will be reduced, and public money will be saved. In order for this innovation to work in full, amendments will be made to the legislation. It is noted that an important step forward: a court session can be held in a video conference. For example, the lawyer, from his e-office, can represent the interests of the company: send documents, get video communications during meetings. It is substantiated that a separate electronic cabinet should be created for each case, where the court and trial participants will be able to review all documents at any time. Of course, to use this technology, you need to register in the system email and digital signature. This minimizes the probability of delaying cases when the parties challenge all, without exception, court decisions. Now the electronic review will be not only possible, but also mandatory. If, within five days, the court will not be able to provide electronic proceedings, documents will be translated into paper form. In order for these provisions to work, the State Judicial Administration should publish an instruction on the website of the Verkhovna Rada, solve the issue of setting up electronic cabinets, registering electronic addresses and video fixing.