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Economic base analysis is frequently used to describe employment profiles and to predict project-related impacts in small communities. Considerable evidence suggests, however, that economic base multipliers should be estimated from survey data and not from shortcut methods. In this paper two competing versions of the economic base model are developed and then these two models are estimated by use of the Arizona community data set. In both cases, marginal multiplier estimates, controlled for transfer payments, are generated for ten individual sectors in five different types of communities. Results from these two disaggregate economic base models are assessed and then compared with results provided earlier by more aggregate models. The better of these two new models closely resembles the popular input—output model.

ABSTRACT This paper develops a conceptual model of the process of community change in response to elderly immigration. Analysis of intra‐regional variation in elderly migration patterns in Appalachia, and synthesis of an emergent literature on the benefits and costs of attracting elderly migrants, serve as a backdrop for case studies, based on field observations and interviews, of three contrasting Appalachian communities at different stages of development as retirement destinations. The analyses suggest a temporal model of community development involving overlapping phases of emergence, recognition, restructuring, saturation, and the development of new concerns, as the process of demographic change evolves and its economic, environmental, infrastructural, social, and political correlates become manifest. It is concluded that communities considering attraction of elderly migrants as a development option should carefully consider both the diverse characteristics and needs of potential migrants and the long‐term implications and desirability of the community transformation that results from adopting such a strategy.

AbstractWhile advanced economies attempt to pursue a regionalized immigration policy, which aims at shifting migration flows away from the most popular urban centre destinations to smaller communities, the experiences of immigrants settling in such locations remains underexplored. This research provides timely knowledge of refugee labour market integration in smaller communities, using Newfoundland and Labrador's provincial capital, St. John's, as an example of such communities. The article examines the resettlement and labour market integration of refugees in a medium‐sized city with particular attention to factors that enhance refugee labour market integration and factors that negatively impact refugee integration and their retention in the receiving community. The study finds that the negative perception of employment opportunities is a significant factor in refugee's decision to move. Securing employment of refugees is facilitated by strong English language skills, social connections and is hampered by discrimination in the labour market.

The core hypothesis of the neo‐Durkheimian theory of community proposed here is that average welfare of the residents is determined by the interaction of 'structure' and 'transaction organization,' and that this interaction holds net of individual attributes. In formula form: w = (S*t). Structure is defined by three systemic dimensions – differentiation, pluralism and solidarity – which are interpreted as 'institutionalized problem‐solving capacity.' These dimensions have causal primacy over transaction organizations such as factories, commercial firms, medical facilities, and so on, even though transaction organization is technically exogenous. The effect of this transaction term is to reverse the conventional political economy causal sequence, which begins with production organization and moves through class polarization to lower average welfare.