In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 259, S. 115040
The occurrence of protein synthesis errors (mistranslation) above the typical mean mistranslation level of 10−4 is mostly deleterious to yeast, zebrafish and mammal cells. Previous yeast studies have shown that mistranslation affects fitness and deregulates genes related to lipid metabolism, but there is no experimental proof that such errors alter yeast lipid profiles. We engineered yeast strains to misincorporate serine at alanine and glycine sites on a global scale and evaluated the putative effects on the lipidome. Lipids from whole cells were extracted and analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). Oxidative damage, fatty acid desaturation and membrane fluidity changes were screened to identify putative alterations in lipid profiles in both logarithmic (fermentative) and post-diauxic shift (respiratory) phases. There were alterations in several lipid classes, namely lyso-phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and triglyceride, and in the fatty acid profiles, namely C16:1, C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0. Overall, the relative content of lipid species with saturated FA increased in detriment of those with unsaturated fatty acids. The expression of the OLE1 mRNA was deregulated, but phospholipid fluidity changes were not observed. These data expand current knowledge of mistranslation biology and highlight its putative roles in human diseases. ; This work was supported by FCT(Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), the European Union, QREN, POPH, FEDER and COMPETE [FCT-ANR/IMI-MIC/0041/2012; PTDC/IMI-MIC/5350/2014; PTDC/BEX-BCM/2121/2014] through the iBiMED (UID/BIM/04501/2013) and QOPNA research units [PTDC/QUI-BIQ/104968/2008; UID QUI/UI0062/2013, FCOMP-01-0124- FEDER-037296], and RNEM [LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125 that concerns the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network), REDE/1504/REM/2005]. This work was also financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme under project CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008: BrainHealth 2020, and through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation and Portuguese national funds via FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under projects POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016390:CANCEL STEM and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440. Ana R. D. Araújo [SFRH/BD/78835/2011], Catarina Morais [SFRH/BD/79077/2011], Elisabete Maciel [SFRH/BPD/104165/2014], Helena Oliveira [SFRH/BPD/111736/2015], and Tânia Melo [BPD/UI51/5388/2017] were supported by FCT grants. Clara Pereira was supported by Fundo Social Europeu and Programa Operacional Potencial Humano through FCT investigator grant IF/00889/2015.
We reviewed data on the American diet from 1800 to 2019. Methods: We examined food availability and estimated consumption data from 1800 to 2019 using historical sources from the federal government and additional public data sources. Results: Processed and ultra-processed foods increased from 60% of foods. Large increases occurred for sugar, white and whole wheat flour, rice, poultry, eggs, vegetable oils, dairy products, and fresh vegetables. Saturated fats from animal sources declined while polyunsaturated fats from vegetable oils rose. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) rose over the twentieth century in parallel with increased consumption of processed foods, including sugar, refined flour and rice, and vegetable oils. Saturated fats from animal sources were inversely correlated with the prevalence of NCDs. Conclusions: As observed from the food availability data, processed and ultra-processed foods dramatically increased over the past two centuries, especially sugar, white flour, white rice, vegetable oils, and ready-to-eat meals. These changes paralleled the rising incidence of NCDs, while animal fat consumption was inversely correlated.
Department of Chemistry, S. P. C. Government College, Ajmer-305 001, Rajasthan, India Department of Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474 011, Madhya Pradesh, India Department of Chemistry, Govt. P.G. College, Jhalawar-326 001, Rajasthan, India E-mail: sharmaarun423@gmail.com Manuscript received online 20 September 2018, revised 16 October 2018, accepted 01 November 2018 Photocatalysis process is a relatively novel subject with tremendous potential in the near future because of its environmental applications. Large molecules such as copper stearate soap (CS) and copper palmitate (CP) cannot be metabolized rapidly by microorganisms naturally. Photocatalytic degradation has been considered to be an efficient and rapid process for the degradation of copper soaps derived from long chain saturated fatty acid. The zinc oxide as semiconductor can be effectively used as a catalyst for the photochemical degradation of surfactants causing environment pollution. The progress of the reaction has been monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of the reaction mixture at definite time intervals. Different parameters such as the concentration of soap, dose of semiconductor, light intensity, effect of solvent polarity were varied to achieve the optimum rate of photodegradation. The observations revealed that CS and CP soaps were degraded successfully by using ZnO under UV. The disappearance of copper surfactants follows a pseudo-first order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model. A tentative mechanism has been proposed for the photodegradation of copper surfactants.
All autor: Ju-Sheng ZhengEmail, Stephen J. Sharp, Fumiaki Imamura, Albert Koulman, Matthias B. Schulze, Zheng Ye, Jules Griffin, Marcela Guevara, José María Huerta, Janine Kröger, Ivonne Sluijs, Antonio Agudo, Aurelio Barricarte, Heiner Boeing, Sandra Colorado-Yohar, Courtney Dow, Miren Dorronsoro, Pia T. Dinesen, Guy Fagherazzi, Paul W. Franks, Edith J. M. Feskens, Tilman Kühn, Verena Andrea Katzke, Timothy J. Key, Kay-Tee Khaw, Maria Santucci de Magistris, Francesca Romana Mancini, Elena Molina-Portillo, Peter M. Nilsson, Anja Olsen, Kim Overvad, Domenico Palli, Jose Ramón Quirós, Olov Rolandsson, Fulvio Ricceri, Annemieke M. W. Spijkerman, Nadia Slimani, Giovanna Tagliabue, Anne Tjonneland, Rosario Tumino, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Claudia Langenberg, Elio Riboli, Nita G. Forouhi and Nicholas J. Wareham ; Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that individual circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are heterogeneous in their associations with cardio-metabolic diseases, but evidence about associations of SFAs with metabolic markers of different pathogenic pathways is limited. We aimed to examine the associations between plasma phospholipid SFAs and the metabolic markers of lipid, hepatic, glycaemic and inflammation pathways. Methods: We measured nine individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and derived three SFA groups (odd-chain: C15:0 + C17:0, even-chain: C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0, and very-long-chain: C20:0 + C22:0 + C23:0 + C24:0) in individuals from the subcohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study across eight European countries. Using linear regression in 15,919 subcohort members, adjusted for potential confounders and corrected for multiple testing, we examined cross-sectional associations of SFAs with 13 metabolic markers. Multiplicative interactions of the three SFA groups with pre-specified factors, including body mass index (BMI) and alcohol consumption, were tested. Results: Higher levels of odd-chain SFA group were associated with lower levels of major lipids (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB)) and hepatic markers (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)). Higher even-chain SFA group levels were associated with higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, triglycerides, ApoB, ApoB/A1 ratio, ALT, AST, GGT and CRP, and lower levels of HDL-C and ApoA1. Very-long-chain SFA group levels showed inverse associations with triglycerides, ApoA1 and GGT, and positive associations with TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, ApoB and ApoB/A1. Associations were generally stronger at higher levels of BMI or alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Subtypes of SFAs are associated in a differential way with metabolic markers of lipid metabolism, liver function and chronic inflammation, suggesting that odd-chain SFAs are associated with lower metabolic risk and even-chain SFAs with adverse metabolic risk, whereas mixed findings were obtained for very-long-chain SFAs. The clinical and biochemical implications of these findings may vary by adiposity and alcohol intake. ; Funding for the InterAct project was provided by the EU FP6 programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). In addition, InterAct investigators acknowledge funding from the following agencies: Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit MC_UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_12015/5, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research MC_UP_A090_1006, Cambridge Lipidomics Biomarker Research Initiative (G0800783), and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215-20014). IS and YTvdS: Verification of diabetes cases was additionally funded by NL Agency grant IGE05012 and an Incentive Grant from the Board of the UMC Utrecht (The Netherlands). AMWS: Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands). PWF: Swedish Research Council, Novo Nordisk, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Diabetes Association. TK: Cancer Research UK C8221/A19170 and C570/A16491 Medical Research Council MR/M012190/1. KO and AT: Danish Cancer Society. JRQ: Asturias Regional Government. RT: AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS-Ragusa, Sicilian Regional Government. Additionally, Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII RTICC RD12/0036/0018), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PIE14/00045), cofounded by FEDER funds/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); German Cancer Aid, German Ministry of Research (BMBF); Compagnia di San Paolo; Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre. JSZ is supported by the Cambridge Initiative-Nutrition (RG71466, SJAH/004) and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowships (701708, RG82205, SJAI/051).
Background: There has been a marked increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) in the last decades which is most likely driven by a change in environmental factors. Here, growing evidence suggests that ingredients of a Western diet like high intake of sodium chloride (NaCl) or saturated fatty acids may impact systemic immune responses, thus increasing disease susceptibility. Recently, we have shown that high dietary salt or long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake indeed aggravates T helper (Th) cell responses and neuroinflammation. Methods: Naive CD4(+) T cells were treated with an excess of 40 mM NaCl and/or 250 mu M lauric acid (LA) in vitro to analyze effects on Th cell differentiation, cytokine secretion, and gene expression. We employed ex vivo analyses of the model disease murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to investigate whether salt and LCFA may affect disease severity and T cell activation in vivo. Results: LCFA, like LA, together with NaCl enhance the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells as well as proinflammatory cytokine and gene expression in vitro. In cell culture, we observed an additive effect of LA and hypertonic extracellular NaCl (NaCl + LA) in Th17 differentiation assays as well as on IL-17, GM-CSF, and IL-2 gene expression. In contrast, NaCl + LA reduced Th2 frequencies. We employed EAE as a model of Th1/Th17 cell-mediated autoimmunity and show that the combination of a NaCl-and LA-rich diet aggravated the disease course and increased T cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) to the same extent as dietary NaCl. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate a partially additive effect of NaCl and LA on Th cell polarization in vitro and on Th cell responses in autoimmune neuroinflammation. These data may help to better understand the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as MS. ; European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union [640116]; government of Flanders, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium
The toxic effects associated to pesticides have been for long a concern in terms of environmental and human safety. The recognition of the limitations of numerous, if not all, pesticides in terms of species-specificity, toxicity level, persistency in the environment, influencing its runoff and transport ability, among other characteristics, have been the subject of numerous studies over the years. These have especially focused on the deleterious impacts of such substances in non-target organisms, including potential effects in humans, considering pesticide uptake through the ingestion of contaminated foodstuff. Aquatic ecosystems may be considered the most vulnerable to pesticide contamination, has most toxicants may eventually end up in these systems, if not directly, via indirect inputs. Aquatic communities are, thus, susceptible both to on-point acute contaminations and to exposure to mixtures of different contaminants for longer periods. Impacts of numerous pesticides in non-target aquatic species have been reported and investigated, contributing to the definition of regulations and legislation to prevent harmful effects to the communities. However, in order to assess effectively the effect of different pesticides in organisms, the definition of suitable biomarkers is crucial. As one of the most identifiable effect of pesticides is cell damage induced by oxidative stress, most studies have resorted to the analysis of antioxidant enzymes to assess the impacts of contamination in the organism. Nonetheless, with methodological advances, other molecules have been identified as potentially useful to be used as biomarkers, as fatty acids. These ubiquitous macromolecules in living organisms are major constituents of biological membranes and tissues. Evidence of the impact of xenobiotics on lipid metabolism and composition, as well as the sensitivity of fatty acids profiles to alterations in the homeostasis of organisms, have been arising, supporting the suitability of these macromolecules as biomarkers of toxicants ...
Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) intake is a risk factor for coronary heart diseases and cancer. Egypt, considered among the highest TFA consumers in the world, lacks proper dietary analysis of TFAs. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze TFAs in traditional and frequently consumed food products. A market survey was conducted to identify products and brands that are mostly consumed in major governorates in Egypt. Laboratory analysis allowed for the profiling of TFAs, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Products having more than 2 g of TFA/100 g of fat were considered to have an elevated TFA content. Commonly consumed food items (n = 208) in the Egyptian market were identified. On average, 34% of the products exceeded the TFA limit. Sambosk meat, a traditional meat item, had the highest TFA content of 5.2%, followed by foods fried with used oils. Oriental sweets had a TFA content three times higher than that of doughnuts. The fast-food group had the largest proportion of TFA-rich products, followed by the canned and frozen item groups and confectionaries. This study revealed that around one third of products in the Egyptian market have a high TFA content. This calls for urgent legislative action to regulate composition.
