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In some rural areas in the northwest of China, people are suffering from not only the voltage drop due to long distance transmission but also the power outages due to remoteness and poorly maintained grid. In recent few years, the price of solar energy has been reduced drastically every year in China due to the government policy on renewable energy. In the near future, isolated hybrid power systems for home use could be affordable and used by residences in these rural areas. Thus, it is necessary to design a hybrid power system based on local load and weather condition to check system feasibility and expected performance. It includes load simulation, system sizing, and dynamic system modeling and simulation. This paper firstly introduces current development of renewable energy in China and then goes through the sizing, modeling, and simulation of the system design for a typical remote home in China and finally discusses the system's availability based on the simulation results. In this paper, the NASA website is the source for weather data, and BEopt is used to generate load data. During system modeling, the MPPT algorithm is much simpler designed than the complex incremental method. A soft starter is adopted with the diesel generator for stability. The charge controller of the battery storage provides external command to the MPPT and diesel PID controller to prevent the battery storage from overcharging. The rms value of the fundamental load voltage is used in the voltage control loop of the inverter.

India is a country of villages. Rural development is generally taken as development of rural areas. Rural development means rather a comprehensive development of rural areas in its wholesome nature. Rural Development forms an important agenda of the Government. However, the application of ICT in the Rural Development sector has been relatively slow. The main reasons for this are poor ICT infrastructure in rural areas, poor ICT awareness among agency officials working in rural areas and local language issues. ICTs can play a significant role in combating rural and urban poverty and fostering sustainable development through creating information rich societies and supporting livelihoods. If ICTs are appropriately deployed and realize the differential needs of urban and rural people, they can become powerful tools of economic, social and political empowerment. Agriculture is an important sector with more than 70% of the Indian population living in rural areas and earns its live hood by agriculture and allied means of income. The sector faces major challenges of enhancing production in a situation of dwindling natural resources necessary for production. ICTs can play a significant role in combating rural and urban poverty and fostering sustainable development through creating information rich societies and supporting livelihoods. The role of ICT to enhance food security and support rural livelihoods is increasingly recognized and was officially endorsed at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) 2003-2005. This includes the use of computers, internet, geographical information systems, mobile phones, as well as traditional media such as radio or TV. Although it is a relatively new phenomenon, evidence of the contribution of ICT to agricultural development.

Abstract. Flood detention areas serve the primary purpose of controlled water storage during large flood events in order to decrease the flood risk downstream along the river. These areas are often used for agricultural production. While various damage estimation methods exist for urban areas, there are only a few, most often simpler approaches for loss estimation in rural areas. The loss assessment can provide an estimate of the financial provisions required for the farmers' compensation (e.g., in the context of cost-benefit analyses of detention measures). Flood risk is a combination of potential damage and probability of flooding. Losses in agricultural areas exhibit a strong seasonal pattern, and the flooding probability also has a seasonal variation. In the present study, flood risk is assessed for a planned detention area alongside the Elbe River in Germany based on two loss and probability estimation approaches of different time frames, namely a monthly and an annual approach. The results show that the overall potential damage in the proposed detention area amounts to approximately 40 000 € a−1, with approximately equal losses for each of the main land uses, agriculture and road infrastructure. A sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of flooding (i.e., the frequency of operation of the detention area) has the largest impact on the overall flood risk.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1974.

Abstract. This paper reviews the possible functions as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for robust flood defenses in the rural riverine areas of the Netherlands on the basis of the recent literature and case studies at five locations in the Netherlands where dike reinforcement is planned. For each of the case studies semi-structured interviews with experts and stakeholders were conducted. At each of the five locations, suitable robust flood defenses could be identified that would contribute to the envisaged functions and ambitions for the respective areas. Primary strengths of a robust, multifunctional dike in comparison to a traditional dike appeared to be the more efficient space use due to the combination of different functions, a longer-term focus and greater safety.

Adekoya A. E., O. E. Adelakun and Pipy O. Fawole Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural DevelopmentUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria AbstractRural women contribute significantly to the national economy by their activities in terms of agricultural production, marketing, processing and domestic work. It is ironical that their contribution either have no or minimal part in the decision making power regarding agricultural development and household activities. The study presents the past and current trends in household power sharing in Saki West Local Government Area of Oyo state,Nigeria. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 140 respondents. Results show that majority of the respondents (69.4%) were within the ages of 35-42years, 45% were illiterates, 51.5% were 15-20years in marriage, while 90.8% had 3-8 household size. The current trend is that women are making decisions on theirland, children, when to have sex, and type of family planning to use. Women will be able to have more power with her level of education (p=0.035). Number of wives (p=0.123) and children (p= 0.316) had no effect on power transformation. Changes are occurring in women's economics status since they are in control of their finances and these are impacting their decision making power within household. Women should be empowered educationally and be more enlightened on the need for reduction in child bearing in order to reduce poverty rate.

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya's dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

Any and all human interference will have effects on the environment in a way. The experts working in development are working hard to have interventions to improve the quality in life of their local community. It could be a city or a town or even a village, this depends on the existing natural conditions, the geographical location, the economic environment that was created and the local community that lives there which actually can be considered the most decisive. The lives of communities, the direction of developments at local levels are largely influenced by local governments, and their decisions often determine the situation of the given settlement for years. In the development of local governments, the protection of the environment and the management of the resources available play a decisive role in economic development. Their interventions primarily and directly serve to strengthen the environmental dimension of sustainability while contributing substantively to the promotion of economic growth. Within the local society, the most open layer of environmental awareness is youth, which in almost all segments of its life strives to take this very important principle into account. The goal of the research is to compile a comparative study on the use of renewable energy sources for a local government and for the population, for young people. In our primary research we examined the attitude of the city and population towards the use of green energy and the impact of local energy development on the local community.

In the context of huge problems engendered by the European agricultural policy and related to rural area development, the rural area on the whole needs new perspectives to ensure a positive evolution of the human communities. Romania, a member of the European Union for over 5 years now, needs to valorise all its natural, human, and cultural resources of the rural area to be able to face a strong competition and to maintain biodiversity.

The global acceptance of solar and wind resources for power generation has continued to increase due to the fluctuation of world oil and gas prices, recent advances in technology, high prices of fossil fuels, no direct greenhouse gas emission from solar and wind resources and government policies to support utilisation of renewable energy resources (RESs). In recent times, RESs have become a potential alternative to supply electricity to the rural communities where the extension of transmission and distribution lines is difficult due to technical and financial barriers. In view of this, this study deals with the optimisation of net present cost (NPC), fuel cost, operation cost and cost of energy (COE) of the hybrid system which consists of photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generator (WTG), diesel generator and battery storage system. A hybrid power system is designed in this research work to serve a remote community. The optimisation of the key performance indicators of the proposed hybrid power system is done by using the hybrid optimisation model for electric renewable (HOMER). The results obtained from this research work are analysed to select the best options among the available configurations based on the lowest NPC and COE produced by each configuration. The simulation results from several case studies show that incorporation of PV and WTG have reduced the operating cost of the system. ; http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/joe ; am2018 ; Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

The growing concerns with global warming prompted many governments to mandate increased proportion of electricity generation from renewable sources. This, together with the desire to have more efficient and secure power generation and distribution, has driven research in the next-generation power grid, namely, the smart grid. Phasor measurement units (PMU) are measuring devices that offer accurate and time-synchronized phasor data to the control center. They can significantly improve the performances of power system monitoring and control and, therefore, are considered the fundamental components in the smart grid. However, since they are expensive devices and generate excessive amount of data traffic, two major questions have to be properly addressed before they can be fully utilized: How do we install PMUs in an economical manner to achieve full system observability? And how do we build up the communication system that can support this number of PMUs in the system? In this dissertation, we first propose a three-entity smart grid communication framework that focuses on the communication systems enabling smart grid. This communication framework lays the foundation for the rest of the thesis. We start by solving the PMU placement in very large power systems using a meta-heuristic algorithm called simplified chemical reaction optimization (SCRO). After that, we propose the optimal multistage PMU placement (OMPP) problem to address the economic issues brought about by massive scale PMU installations and solve it using SCRO. Then we investigate techniques to alleviate the short-term data communication burdens by optimally installing phasor data compression units (PDCU) to reduce overall system bandwidth requirements. We make this optimal PDCU installation (OPI) problem readily solvable by commercial software by formulating it under the integer linear programming (ILP) framework. Last but not least, we formulate the optimal PMU-communication link placement (OPLP) problem that gives an answer to the question: if one wants to build aWAMS for smart grid, what is the most economic way to do so considering both the costs of PMU placement and the installation costs of a communication network that supports these PMUs? The OPLP problem is formulated under the integer quadratic programming (IQP) framework. ; published_or_final_version ; Electrical and Electronic Engineering ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy