Suchergebnisse

During the Terror, French law forbade the execution of a woman condemned to death if she was pregnant. More than two dozen women who were condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal, the highest political court, claimed pregnancy to delay their execution. This article examines the ways in which some of these pleas were made and the ways that the Tribunal responded to them. In so doing, it shows both that women manipulated the revolutionary reverence for motherhood in an attempt to save their lives and that the Revolutionary Tribunal treated these women as political actors.

This article draws on extensive research in the Paris Revolutionary Tribunal archives in order to explore the relationship between local and national political, administrative and legal structures in the implementation of 'revolutionary justice' during the Terror in the French Revolution. It highlights the extent to which the Paris Tribunal relied on preliminary investigations in the provinces – at the administrative levels of department, district and commune – for both information regarding counter-revolutionary activity and a substantial proportion of its caseload. In so doing, this article offers a reassessment of Donald Greer's seminal work on the geographical incidence of the Terror, and challenges the stereotype of the Terror as a web of secret denunciation, private investigation and summary injustice. Furthermore, it concludes that a national perspective is vital to any analysis of the work of the Paris Tribunal itself, with the wider system of revolutionary justice regularly impacting on investigations, prosecutions and judgements in the capital.

The article on the basis of archival documents and scientific literature covers therepressive activities of the visiting food sessions of the Podolsk provincial revolutionary tribunal.First of all, the organizational and legal framework for the activities of food sessions has beenidentified and analyzed. In particular, the categories of cases that were catered to the visitingfood sessions, the procedure for forming their composition and their consideration of cases,sentencing and appealing were identified. An important place in the article is devoted to thetheoretical aspects of the functioning of these sessions. They allow you to reveal their tasks andfunctions. The influence of the principle of revolutionary legitimacy on the repressive activitiesof out-door food sessions was noted. The features of the regulatory framework of their activitieson the part of local authorities are analyzed. Their role in the system of the tax campaign of theSoviet authorities on the Podillia is determined. Covered the relationship of exit food sessionsand other local authorities during the food events of the Soviet government. Identified violationsof mobile food sessions of Soviet legislation that were observed in the course of their activities.The influence that these violations had on their extra-judicial activities was noted. Analyzed theprocedure for consideration of cases by food sessions and sentencing for tax violations againstindividual peasants. Particular attention is paid to the punitive-repressive activity of foodsessions in areas of massive non-compliance with tax liabilities. It was noted that in thesedistricts, the activity of exit food sessions was particularly tough. In these areas, it was directednot only against those peasants who did not fulfill their tax obligations, but also against others.This demonstrates the political orientation of the sessions, and as a result, their repressive,tough nature of activity. The article also noted that the peasantry"s resistance to the taxmeasures of the Soviet government was significant and influenced its punitive policy ; У статті на основі архівних документів та наукової літератури висвітленорепресивну діяльність виїзних продовольчих сесій Подільського губернськогореволюційного трибуналу. Передусім визначено та проаналізовано теоретичні таорганізаційно-правові засади їх діяльності. Зокрема виявлено ті категорії справ, які булипідсудні виїзним продовольчим сесіям, порядок формування їх складу та розгляду нимисправ, винесення вироків та їх оскарження. Проаналізовано особливості нормативноправового регулювання діяльності означених органів з боку місцевої влади, щообумовлювались соціально-економічними та політичними особливостями даного регіону.Визначено особливості їх формування в регіоні та місце і роль в системі продподатковоїкампанії радянської влади на Поділлі. Висвітлено взаємозв"язок виїзних продовольчих сесійта інших місцевих органів на ґрунті проведення продовольчих заходів радянської влади.Визначено порушення виїзними продовольчими сесіями радянського законодавства, якіспостерігались упродовж їх діяльності та вплив, що вони здійснили на позасудовудіяльність. Проаналізовано особливості розгляду справ виїзними продовольчими сесіямита призначення покарань за податкові порушення щодо окремих селян. Особлива увага устатті приділяється карально-репресивній діяльності означених органів у районахмасового невиконання податкових зобов"язань

This article discusses aspects of activities and social functions of the revolutionary military railway tribunals, which operated in 1920–1923. The novelty of the research is ensured by the lack of attention to this theme in historiography and the involvement of a wide range of sources which have not been previously introduced into the scholarship. The author focuses on the activities of the railway tribunals in four railway networks: the United North-Western Roads (Warsaw and Baltic directions), the Petrograd part of the Moscow-Vindava-Rybinsk network, Nikolaevskaii railway network (the prospective October railway), and Murmansk network. Three revolutionary military railway tribunals operated there. The author, for the first time in historiography, describes the reasons and the process of organizing the latter, their staff composition, and the forms of their work that changed at different stages. The emphasis is placed on the emergency powers of employees of these departments and the tasks assigned to them which was manifested in almost unlimited freedom of the members of the tribunals in administering justice in the "interests of the revolution". The article presents an original perspective on the process of the controversial activity of the transport tribunals. The study reveals a conflict between their urgent task to restore labor discipline, on the one hand, and practical activities aimed at indulging the avant-garde class, on the other hand. The author comes to the conclusion that the tribunals, first of all, sought to unite the proletarian collectives around the Communist Party. Managers' enthusiasm for an ideological project led them away from reality. In the final part of the article, it is proved that during the period of new economic policy, the activities of the revolutionary tribunals lost their extraordinary character. They ceased tocorrespond to their purpose and, in fact, turned into people's courts, being abolished in 1923.

'The State versus the People' provides the first detailed account of the important role played by law and revolutionary tribunals in securing the Bolsheviks' hold on power after the October Revolution. The study offers a novel perspective on justice and the politics of civil war during the Russian Revolution.

A revolutionary and innovative event, heralding significant changes in contemporary Arab society and culture, took place in Beirut in late June. El-Taller, an international NGO movement, in cooperation with Secours Populaire Libanais, organized a Women's Tribunal at the Carlton Hotel under the patronage ofLebanon's First Lady,

In just a few short years, the Khmer Rouge presided over one of the twentieth century's cruelest reigns of terror. Since its 1979 overthrow, there have been several attempts to hold the perpetrators accountable, from a People's Revolutionary Tribunal shortly afterward through the early 2000s Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, also known as the Khmer Rouge Tribunal. Extraordinary Justice offers a definitive account of the quest for justice in Cambodia that uses this history to develop a theoretical framework for understanding the interaction between law and politics in war crimes tribunals. Craig Etcheson, one of the world's foremost experts on the Cambodian genocide and its aftermath, draws on decades of experience to trace the evolution of transitional justice in the country from the late 1970s to the present. He considers how war crimes tribunals come into existence, how they operate and unfold, and what happens in their wake. Etcheson argues that the concepts of legality that hold sway in such tribunals should be understood in terms of their orientation toward politics, both in the Khmer Rouge Tribunal and generally. A magisterial chronicle of the inner workings of postconflict justice, Extraordinary Justice challenges understandings of the relationship between politics and the law, with important implications for the future of attempts to seek accountability for crimes against humanity.

The Khmer Rouge Tribunal, more formally known as the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), is a United Nations (UN)-sponsored judicial mechanism based at the headquarters of the Cambodian military. This article examines how the decision to base the ECCC at this location was made. In order to do so it draws on a significant quantity of internal documents from the UN Office of Legal Affairs that relate to the negotiations establishing the ECCC. An earlier trial, the 1979 People's Revolutionary Tribunal, had been held in central Phnom Penh at Chaktomuk Theatre, and this symbolic venue was initially proposed as the home for the ECCC. However, the Cambodian government proposed the current site that is part of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces headquarters, to which the UN agreed. The headquarters are located on the outskirts of the city, and this has hindered public accessibility and positive symbolism and is instead an indication of the level of control the Cambodian government has been able to exert over the Tribunal. (Contemp Southeast Asia/GIGA)