Suchergebnisse

Acute respiratory diseases, most of which are generally attributed to viruses, account for about 6% of all deaths and for about 60% of the deaths associated with all respiratory disease. The huge cost attributable to viral respiratory infections as a result of absenteeism and the disruption of business and the burden of medical care makes control of these diseases an important objective. The viruses that infect the respiratory tract fall taxonomically into five viral families. Although immunoprophylaxis would appear to be the logical approach, the development of suitable vaccines has been confronted with numerous obstacles, including antigenic drift and shift in the influenzaviruses, the large number of antigenically distinct immunotypes among rhinoviruses, the occurrence after immunization of rare cases of a severe form of the disease following subsequent natural infection with respiratory syncytial virus, and the risk of oncogenicity of adenoviruses for man. Considerable expenditure on the development of new antiviral drugs has so far resulted in only three compounds that are at present officially approved and licensed for use in the USA. Efforts to improve the tools available for control should continue and imaginative and inventive approaches are called for. However, creativity and ingenuity must operate within the constraints imposed by economic, political, ethical, and legal considerations.

"The National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases is completing its second year with a renewed commitment to make a difference. Thanks to the hard work of CDC staff and partners, our collective efforts are paying off. Immunization Action: To deliver on the promise of the recently recommended vaccines for 11 and 12 year olds -- Tdap, meningococcal conjugate, and HPV vaccine (for girls) -- we launched a preteen immunization campaign, funded adolescent coordinators for state programs, and spotlighted new communication materials (www.cdc.gov/vaccines). We reported substantial drops in both pneumonia hospitalizations and direct medical care costs due to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use. A record number of influenza vaccine doses were distributed for the 2007/8 season. We addressed our share of challenges, too, including selected vaccine shortages and transitioning more areas to centralized vaccine distribution. Respiratory Disease Response: Together with state, local, and international public health counterparts, we responded to a new strain of Adenovirus type 14, swine influenza human cases associated with agricultural events, and outbreaks of Legionnaires disease, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, pertussis, and pneumococcus. H5N1 avian influenza sustained its high virulence in human cases. In partnership with the Council on State and Territorial Epidemiologists, we strengthened domestic influenza surveillance with strategies that will improve both seasonal and pandemic influenza efforts. Looking Back: We tallied the remarkable impact on illness and death that vaccines have had, compared with historical data -- more than 99% reductions are evident for several of the vaccine-preventable diseases assessed (Roush JAMA 2007). Continued exploration of the reconstructed 1918 pandemic influenza virus revealed more clues to the molecular basis of its transmissibility and virulence. Looking Forward: Strengthening preparedness was front and center. NCIRD provided pandemic and avian influenza training to international staff, rapid response teams, laboratory personnel, Epidemic Intelligence Service officers, and others. CDC-wide exercises and tabletops on pandemic influenza expanded the numbers of CDC staff that are familiar with response plans. Strategic planning around CDC's health protection goals and the agency's immunization and respiratory disease efforts accelerated." - director's letter ; Mission -- Priorities 2008-2010 -- Healthy people in every stage of life -- Healthy people in healthy places -- Healthy people in a healthy world -- People prepared for emerging health threats -- Appendix ; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.

Researches have shown positive correlation between periodontitis and respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We reviewed the literature to assess the relationship between periodontitis and respiratory diseases. This study involved a review of relevant English literature published regarding periodontitis and respiratory diseases during the period of 1994-2015. The analysis of literature related to the topic showed there is association between periodontitis and respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. It was found that periodontitis is associated with respiratory diseases due to poor oral hygiene and low immunity state.

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.

Immunoconglutinin response was studied in military recruits experiencing naturally-acquired acute respiratory disease (ARD) in the course of their training. The study population was divided into a group that experienced clinically the most severe disease (the `ill' category) and a group that had the mildest infections (the `well' category). None of the individuals in the study population were entirely free of illness during the 10-week period of observation. Significant differences in the mean immunoconglutinin titre levels were found between the ill and the well subjects (P<0·01). There was also a significant trend in titre levels during the period of observation for the ill subjects (P<0·01) and no significant trend for the individuals in the well category. The significant curvilinear trend for the ill subjects indicated that for this group a peak titre was reached at about the sixth week of training or approximately 3 weeks following the peak incidence of the acute illness. It is concluded that immunoconglutinin can be considered as a `convalescent-phase reactant', which could serve as a useful parameter of activity and severity of the disease process.

Depuis les années 1970, les historiens ont souligné la présence d'imprécisions dans les rapports de décès des registres nationaux dus aux maladies respiratoires. Au début du vingtième siècle, lorsque la tuberculose pulmonaire connaissait d'important niveaux de contagion en Irlande, les hauts fonctionnaires de santé publique comme les militants avaient parfaitement conscience que les décès dus à cette maladie étaient décrits sans précisions ou par euphémisme. Les connaissances en pathologie n'étaient que peu développées, et les examens post-mortem de routine étaient rares. À partir des années 1880, le responsable général de l'état civil fit part de son inquiétude face à la recrudescence des déclarations de décès indiqués comme pleurésie au lieu de tuberculose. L'ambiguïté des classifications, en partie causée par des restrictions ontologiques, pausa également problème pour la mise en place de mesures de santé publique. Par exemple, les symptômes de certaines maladies pouvaient être inclus dans plusieurs catégories en fonction du système nosologique en place. L'efficacité des mesures de santé publique à endiguer la propagation de la tuberculose était limitée du fait de sa non-classification dans les maladies à déclaration obligatoire. En raison de ses liens indissolubles avec la pauvreté et les questions de classe sociale, mais également en raison de l'héritage de la théorie des miasmes, cette maladie était grandement stigmatisée. En conséquence, sa dissimulation était un autre défi pour les autorités de santé publique. Cet article va explorer les raisons pour lesquelles la tuberculose est probablement sous-représentée dans les big data historiques composés des résumés compilés des rapports annuels du responsable de l'état civil d'Irlande, en utilisant une méthodologie combinant micro-histoire, prosopographie et géographie historique. Dans cet article des données qualitatives, plus spécifiquement des enquêtes de médecin légiste, sont associées aux big data représentées par le registre civil de déclaration des décès, entre avril 1900 et avril 1902. Ce faisant, l'article interroge sur les perceptions de la maladie et la prévalence de ses symptômes dans la vie quotidienne de la société civile, et note le contraste avec leur dissimulation en cas de décès. Les enquêtes peuvent servir à identifier des cas spécifiques dans l'ensemble des données, permettant d'examiner comment les problèmes respiratoires étaient rapportés et enregistrés, à une époque où les cas étaient rarement diagnostiqués et où l'efficacité des traitements était limitée. En cartographiant des cas individuels de décès enregistrés, on peut également identifier les sites géographiques problématiques dans la circulation de la maladie, avec certains lieux ou adresses spécifiques, et améliorer notre connaissance de la géographie historique de cette maladie.

The article presents the results of research influence burdened otolaryngology history on the performance of the system "lipid peroxidation - antioxidants" range of higher fatty acids in children with diseases of acute respiratory viral infection. Revealed a deep negative changes with chronic upper respiratory tract diseases of these parameters in patients at the level of bronchopulmonary system and body as a whole.

Although limited almost exclusively to military trainees, acute respiratory disease (ARD) caused by adenovirus types 4 and 7 had been the leading cause of hospitalization in U.S. Army personnel. This decrease which resembles influenza in clinical manifestations led to hospitalization of as many as 50% of military trainees in midwinter and imposed a heavy burden on military hospitals and training programs. In studies undertaken from 1965 to 1970, live adenovirus type 4 and subsequently type 7 vaccines were found to be safe and immunogenic and to confer protection against type specific adenovirus ARD. For the past 5 yr. military trainees have been immunized with both adenovirus vaccines during periods of expected adenovirus disease. Since 1966, use of adenovirus vaccines has been monitored through the adenovirus surveillance program which yields weekly data on incidence and etiology of ARD in basic combat trainees. Since 1973, stable adenovirus vaccines have resulted in excellent control of adenovirus ARD. Potential problems with this immunization program are discussed.

Emerging respiratory disease agents, increased antibiotic resistance, and the loss of effective vaccines threaten to increase the incidence of respiratory disease in military personnel. We examine six respiratory pathogens (adenoviruses, influenza viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis) and review the impact of the diseases they cause, past efforts to control these diseases in U.S. military personnel, as well as current treatment and surveillance strategies, limitations in diagnostic testing, and vaccine needs.

10.3201/eid0503.990308 ; Emerging Infectious Diseases ; 5 ; 3 ; 379-387