Suchergebnisse

Som et resultat af menneskelige aktiviteter er lægemidler og biocider allestedsnærværende i miljøet på sporstofniveau. Store mængder af disse stoffer, også kendt som miljøfremmede stoffer (på Engelsk XTCs: Xenobiotic Trace Chemicals), frigives dagligt fra: (i) husholdninger og sundhedsfaciliteter, som følge af indtagelse og bortskaffelse; (ii) dyrehold og tilsvarende faciliteter, som følge af dyrs indtagelse; og (iii) industrianlæg. En betydelig del af disse udledninger når frem til kommunale renseanlæg, hvor de miljøfremmede stoffer kun delvist bliver fjernet. I sidste ende udledes de miljøfremmede stoffer således til miljøet, f.eks. til ferskvandsområder der fungerer som recipienter for renseanlæg, hvor de udgør en trussel for levende organismer. Renseanlæg er blevet identificeret som en vigtig punktkilde for udledning af miljøfremmede stoffer til miljøet. På grund af det høje antal af markedsførte og forbrugt kemikalier, og de usikkerheder forbundet til prøveudtagning og analysemetoder, er der dog stadig store udfordringer forbundet med kvantificering af i hvor høj grad miljøfremmede stoffer bliver fjernet i forbindelse spildevandsrensning. Udvikling af robuste modelleringsværktøjer til at forudsige miljøfremmede stoffers skæbne i renseanlæg kan hjælpe med at overvinde denne udfordring. Men dybtgående forståelse af de mekanismer og processer, der styrer miljøfremmede stoffers fjernelse under spildevandsrensning, er stadig nødvendig. Målet med nærværende ph.d.-projekt var at udfylde huller i vores viden omkring modellering af miljøfremmed stoffers skæbne i renseanlæg og efterfølgende. Vi ville gerne forbedre forståelsen af miljøfremmede stoffers skæbne og dermed forbedre modellernes forudsigelsesevne: (i) ved processkalaen, med fokus på sorption og biologisk nedbrydning af miljøfremmede stoffer i biologiske renseanlæg; (ii) i fuldskala renseanlæg, hvor vi ville vurdere effekten af gendannelse og driften af renseanlægget på fjernelsesgraden; og (iii) i integrerede renseanlæg-landbrugssystemer. Forskellige modelleringsværktøjer, velegnede til hvert specifikt formål i undersøgelser, blev udviklet, udvidet eller anvendt innovativt. Følgende velkendte modeller blev anvendt: Activated Sludge Modelling framework for Xenobiotics (ASM-X); den generiske renseanlægsmodel SimpleTreat Activity; og den dynamiske jord-plante model til forudsigelse af kemikaliers skæbne i landbrugssystemer. Vi kombinerede eksperimentelle og modelbaserede observationer til at vurdere sorption af ioniserbare miljøfremmede stoffer til aktiveret slam og nedbrydning af miljøfremmede stoffer i "moving bed"-biofilmreaktorer (MBBRs). De fleste miljøfremmede stoffer er ioniserbare, og kan således være til stede i neutral og / eller ioniseret form i spildevand. Vi viste, at pH-betingelser, og i mindre grad, dosering af jernsalt til kemisk phosphorfjernelse, med sikkerhed påvirker faststof-væskepartitioneringen af det zwitterioniske antibiotikum ciprofloxacin i aktivt slam. Elektrostatiske interaktioner og kompleksdannelse er således dominerende sorptionsmekanismer. Vi observerede non-lineær sorption (n=0.62–1.33) under forskellige pH-, redox- og jernsalt doseringsforhold. Vi foreslog derfor en udvidelse til traditionelle sorptionsmodeller for ciprofloxacin og andre zwitterioniske miljøfremmede stoffer, som beskriver ionisering som funktion af pH og ændret sorptionspotentiale for ioniserede stoffer. Miljøfremmede stoffer findes typisk i spildevand i koncetrationsniveauer mellem ng L-1 og ug L-1, hvilket medfører at de ikke kan bruges som substrater for vækst. Vi vurderede effekten af primære metaboliske processer i MBBRs på fjernelse af miljøfremmede stoffer. Undersøgelsen blev udført ved at sammenligne kinetikken i pre-denitrificerende MBBRs kørt i enkelttrins- og tretrinskonfigurationer. Sidstnævnte konfiguration produceret en langvarig udsættelse af biofilmen for faldende belastning med COD, hvilket påvirkede kinetikken af heterotrof denitrifikation og nedbrydning af miljøfremmede stoffer. Vi fandt at nedbrydningskonstanten for en række miljøfremmede stoffer var afhængig af denitrifikationspotentialet i biofilmen, hvilket indikerer, at nedbrydning af miljøfremmede stoffer var en co-metabolisk proces. Der er beskrevet en række faktorer der påvirker fjernelsen af miljøfremmede stoffer i fuldskala renseanlæg. Relevant effekt kan tilskrives (i) faststoffers opholdstid i den biologiske rensningsproces; og (ii) dannelse af miljøfremmede stoffer via f.eks. delvis nedbrydning af menneskelige metabolitter. Mange miljøfremmede stoffer udskilles af mennesker i form af metabolitter, som efterfølgende kan omdannes til moderstoffet igen. I dette projekt vurderede vi effekten af gendannelse og faststofsopholdstid på sulfamethoxazols skæbne i fuldskala renseanlæg. Vi brugte en metode baseret på sammenligning af ASM-X modelforudsigelser med værdier fra litteraturen. Vores undersøgelse viste, at effekten af gendannelse under sekundær spildevandsrensning er bestemt af: (i) størrelsen af renseanlæggets opland, idet høj grad af gendannelse i kloaksystemet kan forventes i store oplande; og (ii) typen af opland (med eller uden hospital). Dette peger på anvendelsen af en integreret tilgang til miljøfremmede stoffers skæbne-vurdering i spildevandsssystemer (kloaksystemer og rensningsanlæg). Endvidere forudså vi og fandt forbedret fjernelse af sulfamethoxazol i renseanlæg der kører med faststofsopholdstider på mere end 16 dage. Ved faststofsopholdstider over denne værdi kan der forventes forbedrede nedbrydningskinetikker på grund af vækst i langsomtvoksende organismer (f.eks. specialiserede nedbrydere) eller på grund af blandede substratudnyttelsesstrategier. Miljøfremmede stoffer bliver som regel kun delvist nedbrudt i renseanlæg, og er derfor tilstede i udledninger fra renseanlæg og i spildevandsslammet. Udbringning af slam på marker og brug af renset spildevand eller ferskvand der modtager renset spildevand til kunstvanding af marker medfører i sidste ende optagelse af miljøfremmede stoffer i fødevareafgrøder. I dette projekt udviklede og afprøvede vi et generisk simuleringsværktøj til at forudsige miljøfremmede stoffers skæbne fra forbrug til optagelse i vinterhvede via nedbrydning i renseanlæg i en række geografiske scenarier i EU. Værktøjet kombinerede SimpleTreat Activity-modellen og den dynamiske jord-plante model, med særligt fokus på at forudsige skæbnen af ioniserbare stoffer. Ionisering har, som vist i vores første studie, store konsekvenser på faststof-væske partitioneringen, og på fordelingen ind i kornets væv. Vi udvalgte tre miljøfremmede stoffer som anvendes i store mængder, nemlig biocidet triclosan, det vanddrivende middel furosemid og antibiotikummet ciprofloxacin. Vi valgte tre reelle geografiske scenarier for områder i Den Europæiske Union og brugte gennemsnitlige forbrugsdata eller udledningsværdier fra forskellige EU-lande. Vi fandt at furosemid blev meget svagt nedbrudt i spildevandsrensning og blev signifikant akkumuleret i hvede. Optagelse af furosemid var større når udledning til jord-plante-systemet opstod via kunstvanding med ferskvand, i forhold til udbringning af slam. Set i lyset af de få eksperimentelle data indikerer vores modelberegninger et behov for uddybende undersøgelser af miljøfremmede stoffers skæbne i landbrugssystemer. Ophobning i fødevareafgrøder kan resultere i indirekte eksponering af mennesker for miljøfremmede stoffer via kosten; denne eksponering kan estimeres ved hjælp modelsimuleringer. Det præsenterede simuleringsværktøj kan således anvendes til pre-screening og prioritering af kemikalier samt til at undersøge betydningen af miljøfremmede stoffers emmisionsveje (f.eks. udbringning af gødning irrigation med behandlet spildevand) i forbindelse med akkumulering i fødevareafgrøder. ; As a result of widespread human activities, pharmaceuticals and biocides are ubiquitously present at trace levels in the environment. Large amounts of these substances, also identified as xenobiotic trace chemicals (XTCs), are released daily from: (i) households and healthcare facilities, following human consumption and disposal; (ii) husbandry and other analogous facilities, following veterinary consumption; and (iii) industrial facilities. A significant fraction of these emissions reaches municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where XTCs undergo incomplete removal partly due to WWTP design limitations. These chemicals are thus eventually released to the environment, e.g. in freshwater bodies receiving WWTP effluents, representing a threat to living organisms. WWTPs have been generally identified as a major point source of XTC emissions to the environment. Nevertheless, due to the high number of marketed and consumed chemicals, and to the uncertainties associated to sampling and analytical methodologies, quantifying the elimination of XTCs during wastewater treatment still remains a challenge. Developing robust modelling tools to predict the fate of XTCs in WWTPs can help overcoming this challenge. However, in-depth understanding of mechanisms and processes, determining XTCs removal during wastewater treatment, is still required. This PhD thesis aimed at filling knowledge gaps in the field of XTC fate modelling during and beyond wastewater treatment. We aimed at improving the comprehension of XTC fate, and thus the predictive capabilities of fate models: (i) at process scale, with a focus on sorption and biological transformation of XTCs in biological treatment systems; (ii) in full-scale WWTPs, assessing the impact of retransformation and WWTP operation on XTC elimination; and (iii) in integrated WWTP-agricultural systems. Different modelling tools, suiting the specific purposes of our investigations, were developed, extended and/or innovatively applied. Fate models used as reference in this thesis include: the Activated Sludge Modelling framework for Xenobiotics (ASM-X); the generic WWTP model SimpleTreat Activity; and the dynamic soil-plant model for fate prediction in agricultural systems. Experimental and model-based observations were combined to assess sorption of ionizable XTCs onto activated sludge and XTC biotransformation in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). Most XTCs are in fact multispecies chemicals, being present in neutral and/or ionized form in wastewater. We demonstrated that pH conditions and, to a lesser extent, iron salt dosing for chemical phosphorus removal can significantly affect solid-liquid partitioning of the zwitterionic antibiotic ciprofloxacin onto activated sludge. Electrostatic interactions and complexation are thus dominating sorption mechanisms. Under a range of pH, redox and iron salt dosing conditions, non-linear sorption (n=0.62–1.33) was observed. Extensions to traditional partitioning models were accordingly proposed for ciprofloxacin and other zwitterionic XTCs, accounting for: (i) high non-linearity of XTC sorption; or (ii) ionization with changing pH and different sorption potential of ionized species. Furthermore, XTCs are typically present in ng L-1 to µg L-1 concentrations in wastewater, being referred to as non-growth substrates, and their biological degradation can be associated with microbial growth processes. In this PhD thesis, we assessed the influence of primary metabolic processes on XTC biotransformation in MBBR biofilm. Our investigation was performed by comparing biotransformation kinetics in pre-denitrifying MBBRs operated in single-stage and three-stage configurations. The latter configuration produced a prolonged biofilm exposure to organic electron donor (COD) loading and complexity tiered by segregated and integrated biofilm reactors, which significantly influenced kinetics of heterotrophic denitrification and XTC biotransformation. Biotransformation rate constants for a number of non-recalcitrant XTCs were found correlated to the denitrification potential of MBBR biofilm, suggesting that XTC degradation occurred via microbial co-metabolism. In addition, enhanced biotransformation kinetics was shown for a number of XTCs (sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, atenolol) as compared to previous findings for conventional activated sludge. A number of factors have been described to influence the elimination of XTCs in full-scale WWTPs. Specifically, relevant impact was attributed to (i) solid residence time (SRT), at which biological treatment is operated; and (ii) the formation of XTCs due to, e.g., deconjugation of human metabolites. Many XTCs are in fact excreted by humans in the form of conjugates, which can undergo biotic retransformation to parent chemicals. In this PhD thesis, we specifically assessed the influence of retransformation processes and SRT on the fate of sulfamethoxazole in full-scale WWTPs. A methodology based on the comparison of ASM-X predictions and literature data was used. We demonstrated that the impact of retransformation during secondary wastewater treatment is determined by: (i) the size of WWTP catchments, with major in-sewer retransformation expected in large catchments; (ii) the type of catchment (hospital or urban catchment). This evidence accordingly suggests an integrated approach to XTC fate assessment in wastewater systems (sewer networks and WWTPs). Furthermore, improved elimination of sulfamethoxazole was found and predicted in WWTPs operated at SRT greater than 16 d. Beyond this critical SRT, enhanced biotransformation kinetics may occur due to the enrichment of slow-growing organisms (e.g., specialist degraders) or mixed substrate utilization strategies. This finding supported our experimental evidence of enhanced sulfamethoxazole biotransformation kinetics in denitrifying MBBRs. As a result of incomplete biodegradation in WWTPs, XTCs persist in effluents and sewage sludge. Reuse of municipal biosolids and treated wastewater or use of freshwater for agricultural purposes eventually leads to XTC uptake into food crops. In this PhD thesis, we developed and tested a generic simulation tool to predict the fate of XTCs from consumption, through wastewater treatment and eventually to the uptake by winter wheat for a number of geographical scenarios in the European Union. The tool combined was specifically addressed for fate prediction of ionizable XTCs (the biocide triclosan, the diuretic furosemide and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin). Furosemide was found rather persistent to wastewater treatment (removal efficiency ≤ 40%) and to further undergo significant accumulation in wheat. Uptake of furosemide was predicted to increase (+20% of emissions to soil) when emissions to the soil-plant system occurred via freshwater irrigation, as compared to soil amendment with biosolids. Due to the scarce availability of experimental data, our model predictions indicate the need of deepening investigations of XTC fate in agricultural systems. Accumulation in food crops may result in indirect human exposure to XTCs via dietary intake, which can be eventually estimated using model predictions. The presented simulation tool can thus be used for pre-screening and priority setting of chemicals, and to explore the impact of additional XTC emission pathways (e.g., manure application, irrigation with reclaimed WWTP effluent) in terms of food crop accumulation.

Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part one: Integral aspects of solid waste management -- 1. Material metabolism through society and environment: a new view on waste management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A brief history of waste management -- 1.3 Present-day technologies for waste management -- 1.4 Economic and environmental evaluations of waste management -- 1.5 Sustainable approaches for material and waste management -- 1.6 Cases of improvement of material quality management -- 1.7 Towards sustainable waste management -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2. Eco-industrial design of biomass cycles: flows, technologies, and actors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 IE, a bird's eye view -- 2.3 Angles of IE design -- 2.4 Assessing flows, technologies, and actors -- 2.5 Finding factor-technology-actor combinations -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3. System analysis of organic waste management schemes - experiences of the ORWARE model -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Life cycle asssessments -- 3.3 The ORWARE model -- 3.4 Earlier ORWARE studies -- 3.5 Further analysis of ORWARE data - objectives and system boundaries -- 3.6 Further analysis of ORWARE data - results -- 3.7 The relevance for other countries -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4. Biowaste management from an ecological perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and methods -- 4.3 Results -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part two: Socio-economic aspects of solid waste management -- 5. Cost and benefits of bioprocesses in waste management -- 5.1 System analysis of solid waste management -- 5.2 Emissions from the composting process -- 5.3 Benefits from compost utilisation -- 5.4 Concluding observations -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6. Modelling the municipal solid waste management problem in an applied spatial general equilibrium framework.

AbstractThe deconstruction and salvage of excess buildings is a growing segment of American business. This approach, superior to traditional demolition and
landfill, is the epitome of both the objectives of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and, more importantly, the
sustainability principles that all Americans once knew. The wood resources that exist in the Army's excess wooden property inventory constitute
the largest existing stand of old growth forests. The exploitation of these assets, and their subsequent reuse, will require a change in the current
Army business paradigm. Such change will lead to a more sustainable Army based upon sound business and sustainability principles. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.

The focus of Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse is to collect original contributions and some relevant publications from recent conference proceedings in order to provide state-of-art information on the use of energy in wastewater treatment and reuse systems. Special focus is given to innovative technologies, such as membrane bioreactors, high pressure membrane filtration systems, and novel water reuse processes. A comparison of energy consumption in water reuse systems and desalination will be also provided. Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse covers the use of energy in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment for various water reuse applications, including carbon footprint, energy efficiency, energy self-sufficient facilities and novel technologies, such as microbial fuel cells and biogas valorisation. It is of real value to water utility managers; policy makers for water and wastewater treatment; water resources planners, and researchers and students in environmental engineering and science. EDITORS Valentina Lazarova, Suez Environnement, France Kwang-Ho Choo, Kyungpook National University, Korea Peter Cornel, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Table of Contents Introduction; The Water-Energy Nexus; Energy Footprint of Wastewater Treatment; Energy Footprint of Water Reuse; Energy Footprint of Alternative Water Resources; Water Footprint of Energy Production; Index

Intro -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF FIGURES -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.0 WATER REUSE AND ITS DRIVERS -- 2.0 THE WATER REUSE OPPORTUNITY -- 3.0 DEFINITIONS -- 3.1 USES AND DELIVERY METHODS -- 3.2 WATER REUSE OPTIONS -- 3.3 WATER TYPES AND QUALITY -- 3.4 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY -- 4.0 THE WATER REUSE SPECTRUM -- 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION-TRES RIOS WETLAND RESTORATION, PHOENIX, ARIZONA -- 4.2 AGRICULTURE REUSE-MONTEREY SALINAS VALLEY EDIBLE CROP IRRIGATION, SALINAS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA -- 4.3 LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION-ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA -- 4.4 INDUSTRIAL REUSE-WEST BASIN'S DESIGNER WATER, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA -- 4.5 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE-EL PASO, TEXAS -- 4.6 SEAWATER INTRUSION BARRIER AND INDIRECT POTABLE REUSE-ORANGE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT GROUNDWATER REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM -- 4.7 SURFACE WATER AUGMENTATION-UPPER OCCOQUAN SERVICE AUTHORITY, VIRGINIA -- 4.8 DIRECT POTABLE REUSE -- 5.0 INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND WATER REUSE -- 6.0 The water reuse roadmap development and its organization -- 6.1 WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION, WATER ENVIRONMENT & -- REUSE FOUNDATION, NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, AND WATEREUSE ASSOCIATION EXPERTS' MEETING -- 6.2 The Water Reuse Roadmap Primer Development -- 6.3 The Water Reuse Roadmap Organization -- 6.4 PLANNING -- 6.5 IMPLEMENTATION -- 6.6 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MONITORING -- 7.0 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENT OF PURPOSE AND NEEDS STATEMENT -- 1.0 DEVELOPING THE VISION FOR WATER REUSE -- 1.1 DRIVERS FOR WATER REUSE -- 1.2 DEVELOPING A VISION FOR THE COMMUNITY -- 1.3 CREATING AN INITIAL PLAN -- 2.0 "ONE WATER" APPROACH TO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- 2.1 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR "ONE WATER" -- 2.2 EVALUATE OPPORTUNITIES -- 2.3 IDENTIFY CHALLENGES -- 3.0 COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS AND FUNDING FOR "ONE WATER".

Cover -- Credits -- Table of Contents -- Your Mission -- What You Know -- Shopping in Tokyo, Japan -- Reducing in Colorado -- Reusing in British Columbia -- Artwork in Nigeria -- Recycling in Denmark -- Electronic Waste in China -- Landfill Park in Virginia -- Mission Accomplished! -- Consider This -- Glossary -- Learn More -- Further Missions -- Index.

A paper-over-board interactive picture book with sturdy pages that introduces younger readers to recycling, resources, Earth science, and conservation. Reduce. Reuse. Recycle. Revitalize. Learn how budding environmentalists can help take care of the Earth with the interactive story Reuse This Book! Can you tap the seeds to help them grow? Tilt the book to water the tree? Trace the path of the bumblebee? Bold collage art made from reused mixed media materials enhances the interactive experience as the reader helps to care for the new life. Learn about the importance of the environment in this introduction to conservation and green living for little hands and inquisitive minds. Printed on responsibly sourced paper, this book is the perfect read-aloud for the classroom or at home!

Northern Cyprus (NC) is suffering from limited water resources and reiterated drought condition experiences due to global warming effects. Previous studies revealed that the water management policy in the country is not sustainable from the perspective of demand and balance. Apparently, the reuse of recycled water will be an alternative resource and can be utilized for some specific purposes to reduce water extraction from the ground. It is expected that treated wastewater will reach 20 million cubic meters (MCM) per year after the completion of the new sewage system for Lefkosa. Today, 20,000 m3 of wastewater is treated at the Lefkosa Central Treatment Plant up to the secondary treatment level, in which the degree of treatment varies from 60% to 95% owing to the weather conditions in the country during the year. Effluent water reuse in NC was not accepted due to cultural belief. However, water scarcity was experienced in the country during the last decade, forcing the farmers to benefit from the recycled water. There is no regulatory framework available in the country for effluent water reuse. However, preparation studies are almost finalized after discussions among government and European Union (EU) agencies. Cyprus, as an EU country, has an obligation to treat the wastewater up to the secondary level before releasing it in an environmentally friendly nature, following the Directive 91/271/EEC. This paper analyzes the effluent water reuse possibilities as a component of integrated water resource management in Northern Cyprus considering laboratory experiment results. It appears that applying tertiary treatment in Northern Cyprus will allow 20 MCM of water contribution to the water budget and it will help protect the vulnerable environment. Also, since the cost of tertiary treatment will be 0.2 United States dollars (USD)/m3, it would be reasonable to prefer this process to the desalination of water, which costs of 1 USD/m3.

Examining the current literature, research, and relevant case studies, presented by a team of international experts, the Urban Water Reuse Handbook discusses the pros and cons of water reuse and explores new and alternative methods for obtaining a sustainable water supply. The book defines water reuse guidelines, describes the historical and current development of water reuse, and includes previously implemented methodologies and practices relevant to urban wastewater treatment. It considers the sustainability of water resources and supply systems in both urban and rural areas. The book discusses the advantages of water reuse (reduced water consumption, cost-savings, a secure groundwater replenishment source, and a long-term water supply) and outlines the disadvantages (a build-up of chemical pollutants in the soil, the probable contamination of groundwater attributed to reclaimed water, and possible human health risks related to the presence of viruses and bacteria). It also proposes ethical and cultural considerations, discusses the economic and environmental performance of water systems relevant to water reuse, and outlines associated methods and strategies that can address problems of water scarcity. In addition, this handbook addresses: Constructed wetlands in surrounding urban areas; Water reuse in specific regions, coastal areas, cold regions, arid zones; Application of wastewater for hydroelectric power generation; Traditional systems of water reuse; Combining harvesting systems and water reuse structures; Warning systems for wastewater access control; Public participation and implementation issues; Groundwater recharge by unconventional water; Urban water reuse policy

This paper analyzes, within the framework of responsible ecological behavior (REB), participation and environmental concern, resources saving, recycling and reuse of products in students from a Peruvian private university. Data for this study was obtained by completing self-administered questionnaires from a sample of 523 undergraduate students attending a university based in Lima and Ica, Peru. REB was segmented into three dimensions: Participation and Environmental Concern (PEC), Resources Saving (RS) and Recycling and Reuse (RR). A medium positive correlation was found between REB and PEC, while REB showed a positive correlation between the RS and RR dimensions at a significance level of 99%. A weak negative correlation was identified between REB and student gender; no correlation was found with age and region of origin. More than half of the students frequently practice habits that contribute to the protection of the environment; especially actions related to RS. RR behaviors reported less frequency in their usual practice, specifically reuse activities of aluminum cans and plastic containers, while PEC was the least common factor in pro-environmental practices. The apathy for externalization of environmental interest and lack of commitment in ecological campaigns demonstrate the low level of internalization of environmental culture in Peruvian university students.

Over the past 50 years the volume of wastewater has grown exponentially as a result of the increasing world population and the expansion of industrial developments. Researchers all over the world have been trying to address this issue suitably in order to fight water scarcity; yet, it is only recently that wastewater recycling has caught their attention as an effective and responsible solution. Wastewater is a resource that can be adequately treated to successfully satisfy most water demands as well as decreasing wastewater discharges and preventing pollution. This book presents the studies of some of the most prestigious international scientists and gathers them in three different sections: Wastewater Management and Reuse, Wastewater Treatment options and Risk Assessment. The result is an insightful analysis of waste water management, its treatments, and the processes that have been studied, optimized and developed so far to sustain our environment. Wastewater Reuse and Management represents a valuable resource to academic researchers, students, institutions, environmentalists, and anyone interested in environmental policies aimed at safeguarding both the quality and the quantity of water.