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Intro -- CORAL REEFS ECOSYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CURRENT THREATS -- CORAL REEFS ECOSYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CURRENT THREATS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 PROTEINS RESPONSIVE TO VARIABLE TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE IN THE REEF-BUILDING CORAL SERIATOPORA HYSTRIX -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- SHVTS -- Protein Extraction -- 2D Gel Electrophoresis 1st Dimension-Isoelectric Focusing -- 2D Gel Electrophoresis 2nd Dimension-SDS-PAGE -- MS -- MS Data Analysis -- Western Blotting -- RESULTS -- Differentially Expressed Proteins Uncovered by a 2D + MS-Based Approach -- RBCL Western Blot -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 ARACHIDONIC ACID IS A MAJOR FATTY ACID IN GONADS OF CORAL REEF FISHES AND IMPROVES LARVAL SURVIVAL OF RABBITFISH SIGUNUS GUTATTUS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID AS MAJOR FATTY ACID COMPONENT IN CORAL REEF ASSOCIATED FISHES -- 1.1. Coral Reef Associated, Demersal Fishes -- 1.2. Tropical Pelagic Fishes -- 1.3. Possible Origin of ArA in Coral Reef -- 1.4. Rabbitfish -- 2. EFFECTS OF DIETARY ARACHIDONIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RABBITFISH BROODSTOCK -- 2.1. First Trial -- 2.2. Second Trial -- 3. EFFECTS OF DHA/ARACHIDONIC ACID-ENRICHED ROTIFERS ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF RABBITFISH FRY -- 3.1. Preliminary Studies -- 3.2. Materials and Methods -- 3.3. Survival and Growth -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 ARACHIDONIC ACID DISTRIBUTION IN SEAWEED, SEAGRASS, INVERTEBRATES AND DUGONG IN CORAL REEF AREAS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTODUCTION -- 2. METHODOLOGY -- 3. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION I-INVERTEBRATES -- Corals -- Crustaceans -- Shells -- II-AQUATIC PLANTS -- Seaweed and Seagrass -- III-DUGONG -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

Front Cover -- STRUCTURE IN THE SEA -- STRUCTURE IN THE SEA: THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND EFFECTS OF PURPOSE-BUILT REEFS AND RELATED SURFACES -- Contents -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1 - Structure in the sea: a diversity of natural and human-made habitats -- 1.1 Structure in the sea: extensive, diverse, hidden -- 1.1.1 Maritime footprints -- 1.1.2 Seafloor mapping and monitoring -- 1.1.3 Hard seafloor ecosystems -- 1.2 Human-made sea floor habitat structure: the many definitions of artificial reef -- 1.3 Building knowledge for the technology of primary structured reefs -- 1.4 Scales, centers, and periods of activity concerning human-made seafloor structures -- 1.5 Results at-a-glance: successes and shortcomings in deployment of purpose-built structure -- 1.6 Suspended fish attracting devices, "FADs": a separate story, a cautionary tale? -- 1.7 Secondary structure and substrate: unintended reef effects -- 1.8 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 2 - Scientific foundations for artificial reefs and related human-made sea floor structures -- 2.1 Sciences of natural hard-bottom benthic environments and reef ecosystems -- 2.2 Context and scope of research disciplines, milestones, and evolving priorities for the science and technology of human-made ... -- 2.2.1 International conference exchanges, foundations, and milestones -- 2.3 Questions asked, hypotheses and going beyond attraction-production debate -- 2.4 Importance of long-term datasets -- 2.5 Citizen science as a component of research on human-made habitats -- 2.6 Building blocks -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Purposes and planning of human-made reef structure -- 3.1 Perspectives on human-made reef structures in the context of ecosystem services and connectivity -- 3.2 Purposes of human-made seafloor structure: annotated accounts.

Humanity's impact on the natural world can have disastrous effects. Coral Reef Collapseshines a light on the death of coral reefs around the world. With abundant charts and diagrams and large-format photos, this title explores the science behind ocean acidity and rising ocean temperatures to explain the threats facing coral reefs, and considers actions people and governments can take to try to improve the situation. Features include a flow chart showing the disaster's causes and effects, a glossary, references, websites, source notes, and an index. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Essential Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO

Abstract
Background
Tropical coral reefs have been recognized for their significant ecological and economical value. However, increasing anthropogenic disturbances have led to progressively declining coral reef ecosystems on a global scale. More recently, several studies implicated UV filters used in sunscreen products to negatively affect corals and possibly contribute to regional trends in coral decline. Following a public debate, bans were implemented on several organic UV filters and sunscreen products in different locations including Hawaii, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Palau. This included banning the widely used oxybenzone and octinoxate, while promoting the use of inorganic filters such as zinc oxide even although their toxicity towards aquatic organisms had been documented previously. The bans of organic UV filters were based on preliminary scientific studies that showed several weaknesses as there is to this point no standardized testing scheme for scleractinian corals. Despite the lack of sound scientific proof, the latter controversial bans have already resulted in the emergence of a new sunscreen market for products claimed to be 'reef safe' (or similar). Thus, a market analysis of 'reef safe' sunscreen products was conducted to assess relevant environmental safety aspects of approved UV filters, especially for coral reefs. Further, a scientifically sound decision-making process in a regulatory context is proposed.

Results
Our market analysis revealed that about 80% of surveyed sunscreens contained inorganic UV filters and that there is a variety of unregulated claims being used in the marketing of 'reef safe' products with 'reef friendly' being the most frequently used term. Predominantly, four organic UV filters are used in 'reef safe' sunscreens in the absence of the banned filters oxybenzone and octinoxate. Analysis of safe threshold concentrations for marine water retrieved from existing REACH registration dossiers could currently also safeguard corals.

Conclusion
There is a substantial discrepancy of treatments of organic versus inorganic UV filters in politics as well as in the 'reef safe' sunscreen market, which to this point is not scientifically justified. Thus, a risk-based approach with equal consideration of organic and inorganic UV filters is recommended for future regulatory measures as well as a clear definition and regulation of the 'reef safe' terminology.

This book covers in one volume materials scattered in hundreds of research articles, in most cases focusing on narrow and specialized aspects of coral biology. Besides the latest developments in coral evolution and physiology, the book presents chapters devoted to novel frontiers in coral reef research. These include the molecular biology of corals and their symbiotic algae, remote sensing of reef systems, ecology of coral disease spread, effects of various scenarios of global climate change, ocean acidification effects of increasing CO2 levels on coral calcification, and damaged coral reef remediation. In addition to the extensive coverage of the above, key issues regarding the coral organism and the reef ecosystem such as calcification, reproduction, modeling, algae, reef invertebrates, competition and fish, are re-evaluated in the light of new research and emerging insights. In all chapters novel theories as well as challenges to established paradigms are raised, evaluated and discussed. This volume is indispensible for all involved in coral reef management and conservation.

Part I. Introduction -- Chapter 1. Insights from Cuban Coral Reefs -- Part II. History -- Chapter 2. Research History of Corals and Coral Reefs in Cuba -- Part III. Description -- Chapter 3. Physical-Geographic Characteristics of Cuban Reefs -- Chapter 4. Outline of the Geology, Geomorphology and Evolution of the Late Qua-ternary Shelf and Uplifted Marine Terraces of Cuba; Tectonic and Sea Level Control of Present Day Coral Reef Distribution -- Chapter 5. A Remote Sensing Appraisal of the Extent and Geomorphological Diversity of the Coral Reefs of Cuba -- Part IV. Biota -- Chapter 6. Macrophytes Associated with Cuban Coral Reefs -- Chapter 7. Sponges: Conspicuous Inhabitants of the Cuban Coral Reefs and Their Potential as Bioindicators of Contamination -- Chapter 8. Species List of Cuban Stony Corals: Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia; Class Hydrozoa, Suborders Capitata and Filifera -- Chapter 9. Octocoral Forests: Distribution, Abundance, and Species Richness in Cuban Coral Reefs -- Chapter 10. Current State of Knowledge of Reef Mollusks in Cuba -- Chapter 11. Herbivory on Cuban Coral Reefs -- Chapter 12. Chronology of the Lionfish Invasion in Cuba and Evaluation of Impacts on Native Reef Fishes -- Chapter 13. Sharks and Rays in Cuban Coral Reefs: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation -- Chapter 14. Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems of Cuba -- Part V. Ecology, Conservation and Management -- Chapter 15. Status of Cuban Coral Reefs -- Chapter 16. Population Genetics of Cuba's Scleractinian Corals -- Chapter 17. Multiple Cumulative Effects on Coral Reefs of the Northwestern Cuban Region -- Chapter 18. Guanahacabibes National Park: Research, Monitoring and Man-Agement for the Conservation of Coral Reefs -- Chapter 19. Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reserve: Integrating Science with the Management of Coral Reefs -- Chapter 20. Coral Reefs in Cuban Marine Protected Areas -- Part VI. Economic Valuation -- Chapter 21. Economic Valuation of the Coral Reefs of Jardines de la Reina and Punta Francés National Parks, Cuba -- Chapter 22. The Economic Value of Coral Reefs in the Context of Marine Protected Areas: Experiences of the South Cuban Archipelago Project -- Chapter 23. Fish Can Be More Valuable Alive Than Dead.

This volume investigates the effects of human activities on coral reefs, which provide important life-supporting systems to surrounding natural and human communities. It examines the self-reinforcing ecological, economic, and technological mechanisms that degrade coral reef ecosystems around the world. Topics include reefs and limestones in Earth history; the interactions between corals and their symbiotic algae; diseases of coral reef organisms; the complex triangle between reef fishes, seaweeds, and corals; coral disturbance and recovery in a changing world. In addition, the authors take key recent advances in DNA studies into account which provides new insights into the population biology, patterns of species distributions, recent evolution, and vulnerabilities to environmental stresses. These DNA analyses also provide new understandings of the limitations of coral responses and scales of management necessary to sustain coral reefs in their present states. Coral reefs have been essential sources of food, income, and resources to humans for millennia. This book details the delicate balance that exists within these ecosystems at all scales, from geologic time to cellular interactions, and explores how recent global and local changes influence this relationship. It will serve as an indispensable resource for all those interested in learning how human activities have affected this vital ecosystem around the world

"Reefer madness," a spurious psychiatric affliction that was widely promulgated in the United States during the 1930s, is rarely mentioned today as a possible sequela of acute cannabis consumption. Because reefer madness (RM) was questioned and generally dismissed in the West by the 1940s, I was surprised to find that it was still widely accepted as a genuine psycho-pharmacological affliction in the Eastern Caribbean country of St. Vincent and the Grenadines in the 1990s. This paper describes and analyzes the reasons for this discontinuity between the West and the Rest by referring to the multiplicity of factors supporting the Vincentian RM syndrome: a generalized tropical "intellectual backwardness" and associated moral apathy; the real and alleged behavioral-psychological effects of acute cannabis ingestion; the peculiarly Caribbean character of Vincentian RM and the way it differs from its American counterpart; the types of people promoting the affliction; the larger anti-marijuana context that Includes opposition to any involvement with the substance; and, most importantly, the national system of racial and class stratification.

Structure in the Sea: The Science, Technology and Effects of Purpose-Built Reefs and Related Surfaces provides a review of the history, development, status and emerging trends in research, technology and applications of artificial reef habitats and sea floor structures. The book helps readers understand, utilize and add to the research of modern reef deployment efforts, presenting a guide to equip stakeholders requiring technical foundations and best practices. Topics include materials, designs and construction methods, along with the ecology of these structures, including key aspects of the life history of plants and animals associated with artificial reefs. Rigorous research addressing ecological, economic and engineering questions, coupled with the innovative deployment of structures worldwide by diverse stakeholders, have created a synergy that makes the book a valuable synthesis and analysis for this growing subject. Thus, its broad audience includes marine (coastal and ocean) environmental sciences, including aquatic ecologists, those working in ocean sustainability and conservation, benthic habitat and coral reef restoration practitioners, and more

In an initial test of Wagner's (1988) status violation theory, we examine how status violations, or the failure to behave in accord with the expectations attached to a person's status position in a group, may reduce the person's status position. Status violations highlight the underlying normative order that forms the group's expectations regarding appropriate status-related behaviors. Status violators, or people whose behavior fails to comply with the expectations attached to their status position, indicate a rejection of the group's normative order and risk being labeled as a "moral violator" as a result of this explicit rejection. As such, moral violators lose status relative to people in the group whose behavior indicates their acceptance of the group's normative social order. We offer an initial experimental test of claims derived from status violation theory, which generates partial support. We describe implications of the theory and discuss further directions for research on status violations.

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1: Green Island -- SOUNDING THE ALARM -- THE COMING PLAGUE -- 2: Guam, 1968-1969 -- A CALL FOR ACTION -- PROJECT STELLEROID -- DISCOVERY BAY -- MICRONESIAN SURVEY -- CONCERTED ACTION -- 3: The War of the Worlds -- WAR IN OCEANIA -- THE ALIEN PREDATOR -- PROMETHEUS UNBOUND -- HYPERBOLE -- 4: Under Capricorn -- CLOAK-AND-DAGGER RESEARCH -- FORGED IN A LARGER ENVIRONMENT -- ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COMMITTEE -- A QUESTION OF MOTIVES -- 5: Crown-of-thorns Inquisition -- CHEERS AND JEERS -- THE PRICKLY PEAR -- 6: A Tree Fell in the Forest … -- CONTROLS IN A SEA OF RHETORIC -- HAWAII, 1970 -- JEKYLL AND HYDE -- A NONPROBLEM -- 7: Knowledge and Action -- STYLE AND AESTHETICS -- PROJECT SYMBIOS -- TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE -- TO ACT OR NOT TO ACT -- THE PLAGUES ARE REAL -- DDT -- DECLINE IN BIODIVERSITY -- GUARDED MUTUALISM -- 8: Oceans Apart -- SWORD TO PLOWSHARE -- THE GREATEST EXPERIMENT IN HISTORY -- CERIC -- FALLOUT -- EXPERTS OF THEIR OWN -- 9: Remote Control -- CONTROLLING OUTCRIES -- THE GBRMPA -- NEW-WAVE MANAGEMENT -- 10: Complexity and Stability -- SUPERORGANISMS -- INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE -- THE EFFECTS OF KEYSTONE PREDATORS -- NEW HYBRID -- 11: Cyclical Outcries -- A CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE? -- THE GBRMPA VINDICATED -- 12: Crossroads -- LONG-DISTANCE ECO-EYED VIEWS -- ON THE WATERFRONT -- OVERFISHING -- RIP -- CONVERGENCE -- 13: Coral Bleaching and Global Warming -- BREAKING SYMBIOSIS -- EL NIÑO -- CANARY IN THE COAL MINE -- CALL FOR MONITORING -- ESTABLISHING BASELINES -- 14: Cassandra and the Seastar -- Notes -- Index.

Globally, 7̃00 million people depend on coral reef goods and services. However, over half of coral reefs are threatened due to global warming, fishing, and nutrient pollution. Using ecological and economic methods, I evaluated 1) the ecosystem-scale effects of fishing and nutrients, 2) the effects of fishing on condition and reproduction in a reef fish community, and 3) an integrated conservation and development program (ICDP). The Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific, provided two natural experiments for this research. A population re- settlement program and island-wake upwelling on Kiritimati Island created orthogonal gradients in fishing and nutrient inputs. Fishing sequentially down trophic levels and size-classes had an in-direct effect on the reef community because of the loss of herbivores. Herbivorous fish controlled algal overgrowth of corals in the presence of nutrients and herbivory was enhanced under high nutrient conditions due to a shift in the algal community composition. Fishing also had individual level effects on the fish community. Under low fishing conditions (high predation conditions), prey fish species from five trophic groups (predator, benthic invertivores, planktivores, omnivores, and herbivores) had poor condition. Poor was only associated with higher reproductive effort when food resources were limiting. These results suggest that managing fishing should be prioritized. The Government of Kiribati subsidized copra, coconut agriculture, in order to reduce fishing and improving welfare. Households had perverse and varying responses to the policy. Households that enjoyed fishing increased fishing effort. Households with little benefit from additional cash goods reduced copra effort. In aggregate, fishing labor increased 33%. Although welfare improved or was unchanged for the majority of households, future welfare losses are expected due to declines in coral reef health. Four conclusions emerge from this research. First, there is no evidence for trophic cascades; fishing top predators will not benefit corals. Second, preferred fishing grounds, in upwelling zones or near pollution sources, may be more vulnerable to the effects of overfishing. Restoring top predators may have positive consequences for fisheries productivity by increasing prey fish reproductive effort. Lastly, fishing is not just a job. ICDPs that subsidize alternative incomes may actually be subsidizing overfishing

An eye-opening introduction to the complexity, wonder, and vital roles of coral reefs. When mass coral bleaching and die-offs were first identified in the 1980s, and eventually linked to warming events, the scientific community was sure that such a dramatic and unambiguous signal would serve as a warning sign about the devastating effects of global warming. Instead, most people ignored that warning. Subsequent decades have witnessed yet more degradation. Reefs around the world have lost more than 50 percent of their living coral since the 1970s. In this book, distinguished marine ecologist Peter F. Sale imparts his passion for the unexpected beauty, complexity, and necessity of coral reefs. By placing reefs in the wider context of global climate change, Sale demonstrates how their decline is more than simply a one-off environmental tragedy, but rather an existential warning to humanity. He offers a reframing of the enormous challenge humanity faces as a noble venture to steer the planet into safe waters that might even retain some coral reefs

Chapter 1. Introduction: The Relevance of Anthropogenic Factors to Coral Reef Conservation in the Coastal Areas of the East China Sea -- Chapter 2. Transitional Coral Ecosystem of Taiwan in the Era of Changing Climate -- Chapter 3. Dynamics of Coral Reef Communities in the Sekisei Lagoon, Japan, Following the Severe Mass Bleaching Event of 2016 -- Chapter 4. Succession and Emergence of Corals in High-Latitude (Temperate) Areas of Eastern Asia into the Future -- Chapter 5. Succession and Spread of Coral Diseases and Coral-Killing Sponges with Special Reference to Microbes in Southeast Asia and Adjacent Waters -- Chapter 6. Succession of Ocean Acidification and its Effects on Reef-Building Corals -- Chapter 7. Anthropogenic Stresses in Coral Reefs and Adjacent Ecosystems of the East China Sea -- Chapter 8. Development of a Compact Experimental System for Ecotoxicological Experiments on Acropora spp. -- Chapter 9. Effects of Anthropogenic Chemicals on Hermatypic Corals with Special Reference to Gene Expression -- Chapter 10. Perspective for the Conservation of Coral Reefs in the East China Sea.