Suchergebnisse

1. Dosage Design — Past, Present and Future -- 2. Radiopharmaceutical Targeting in Nuclear Medicine -- 3. Data Handling and Computation in Radionuclide Studies -- 4. Choice of Radionuclides for Scintigraphy -- 5. Formulation of Radiopharmaceuticals -- 6. Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals -- 7. Radiopharmaceutical Distribution Studies in the Rat -- 8. Studies of Radiolabelled Preparations in the Rabbit -- 9. The Utilisation of Short-Lived Radionuclides in the Assessment of Formulation and In Vivo Disposition of Drugs -- 10. Gastrointestinal Transit of Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide Labelled Preparations -- 11. Use of Multiple Pinhole External Scintigraphy to Monitor Tablet Disintegration in Vivo -- 12. Spreading Characteristics of Proprietary Rectal Steroid Preparations -- 13. In Vivo Radioimmunodetection of Cancer -- 14. Therapeutic Aerosol Deposition -- 15. The Evaluation of Parenterally Administered Emulsion Formulations -- 16. In Vivo Distributions of 99mTc-Labelled Liposomes -- 17. Factors Influencing the Clearance Rates of Colloidal Particles from the Rabbit Knee Joint -- 18. The Distribution of Radiolabelled Drug in Animals Infected with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Comparison of Free and Liposome-Bound Sodium Stibogluconate -- 19. Poster Abstracts -- 19.1 (1-11C)-Acetate — An Agent for the Tomographic Study of Myocardial Metabolism -- 19.2 Bone Scanning in Breast Cancer: Identification of the High-Risk Patient to Increase Positive Yield -- 19.3 Analysis of Gastric Emptying: a Standardised Technique -- 19.4 Intestinal Transit Time of 51Cr-Labelled Pellets of Different Densities -- 19.5 Deposition of Cobalt-57 in the Rat -- 19.6 Studies on the Systemic Bioavailability of Buprenorphine by Various Routes of Administration -- 19.7 The Clearance of Liposomes Administered by the Intramuscular Route -- 19.8 The Clearance of Polystyrene Microspheres from an Intramuscular Injection Site -- 19.9 The Clearance of Albumin Microspheres from an Intramuscular Injection Site -- 19.10 Gastric Emptying of Oils in the Rat -- 19.11 Evaluation of an Oral Sustained-Release Preparation by Gamma Scintigraphy -- 19.12 Spreading of Suppository Bases Assessed with Histological and Scintigraphic Techniques -- 19.13 Studies on Microencapsulation using Radionuclides.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Sources Contributing to Radionuclides in the Environment: With Focus on Radioactive Particles -- 1 Release of Radioactivity in the Environment -- 2 Particle Characterisation Techniques -- 2.1 Identification and Isolation of Radioactive Particles -- 2.2 Nano- and Microfocusing Analytical Techniques -- 2.3 Identification of Isotope Ratios for Source Identification of Single Particles Using MS Techniques -- 3 Linking Sources and Particle Characteristics -- 3.1 Particles Originating from Testing of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.2 Particles Released During Nuclear Accidents -- 3.3 Particles Originating from Nuclear Reprocessing Activities -- 3.3.1 Particles Released from North American Sites -- 3.3.2 Particles Released from Russian Sites -- 3.3.3 Particles Released from European Reprocessing Plants -- 3.4 Particles Associated with Dumping of Waste -- 3.5 Nuclear Accidents Involving Satellites -- 3.6 Conventional Detonation of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.7 Depleted Uranium Ammunitions -- 3.8 Radioactive Particles of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Origin -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Mobility and Bioavailability of Radionuclides in Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective and Overview -- 1.2 Vertical Movement of Radionuclides in Undisturbed Soils -- 1.3 The Solid-Liquid Distribution Coefficient, Kd -- 1.4 Radionuclide Bioavailability in Soils -- 2 Factors Controlling the Behaviour of Radionuclides in Soil -- 2.1 Soil Organic Matter -- 2.2 Mineral Soil Components -- 2.3 Redox Potential (Eh) and the pH -- 2.4 Rainfall -- 2.5 Soil Structure and Texture -- 2.6 Climate Change and Soil Management -- 3 Behaviour of Key Specific Artificial Radionuclides in Soil -- 3.1 Caesium -- 3.2 Plutonium and Americium -- 3.3 Strontium -- 4 Natural Radionuclides -- 4.1 Uranium -- 4.2 Thorium -- 4.3 Radium -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

Many environmental processes are influenced, if not controlled, by microbial action and it is becoming increasingly important to develop an understanding of microbial roles in geochemistry. This book brings together state of the art research into microbiological processes and the extent to which they affect or can be used to control radioactive elements. The basic principles and fundamental mechanisms by which microbes and radionuclides interact are outlined, the methodology described, potential microbial influences on waste repositories examined, direct and indirect effects on transport both on local and global scales considered and potential technological applications identified. The book is directed towards advanced undergraduate students, postgraduates and researchers in the areas of environmental radioactivity, environmental microbiology, biotechnology and radioactive waste management. It will also be of interest to regulators, policy makers and non-governmental organisations. This novel and timely book offers a fully integrated approach to a topical international issue

This book focuses on the mechanistic (microscopic) understanding of radionuclide uptake by plants in contaminated soils and potential use of phytoremediation. The key features concern radionuclide toxicity in plants, how the radioactive materials are absorbed by plants, and how the plants cope with the toxic responses. The respective chapters examine soil classification, natural plant selection, speciation of actinides, kinetic modeling, and case studies on cesium uptake after radiation accidents. Radionuclide contaminants pose serious problems for biological systems, due to their chemical toxicity and radiological effects. The processes by which radionuclides can be incorporated into vegetation can either originate from activity interception by external plant surfaces (either directly from the atmosphere or from resuspended material), or through uptake of radionuclides via the root system. Subsequent transfer of toxic elements to the human food chain is a concrete danger. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of transport into and within plants needs to be understood for two reasons: The effectiveness of radionuclide uptake into crop plants - so-called transfer coefficient - is a prerequisite for the calculation of dose due to the food path. On the other hand, efficient radionuclide transfer into plants can be made use of for decontamination of land - so-called phytoremediation, the direct use of living, green plants for in situ removal of pollutants from the environment or to reduce their concentrations to harmless levels