Suchergebnisse

Highlights of the small ruminant production systems research program, focusing on recent research. ; More than 30 faculty, staff and graduate students conduct production systems research related to small ruminants. State-of-the-art facilities and a high-health flock at Ponsonby Research Station provide a foundation for much of their work. Industry and government support this leading edge research that focuses on the productivity, health and welfare of sheep and goats. ; Project supported by Agri-Food and Rural Link, Mobilizing Agri-food and Rural Research Knowledge. A program of the OMAFRA-U of G Partnership Program. http://www.uoguelph.ca/omafra_partnership/en/partnershipprograms/KTT.asp

Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection causes losses in the small ruminant industry due to reduced animal production and increased replacement rates. Infection of wild ruminants in close contact with infected domestic animals has been proposed to play a role in SRLV epidemiology, but studies are limited and mostly involve hybrids between wild and domestic animals. In this study, SRLV seropositive red deer, roe deer and mouflon were detected through modified ELISA tests, but virus was not successfully amplified using a set of different PCRs. Apparent restriction of SRLV infection in cervids was not related to the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In vitro cultured skin fibroblastic cells from red deer and fallow deer were permissive to the SRLV entry and integration, but produced low quantities of virus. SRLV got rapidly adapted in vitro to blood-derived macrophages and skin fibroblastic cells from red deer but not from fallow deer. Thus, although direct detection of virus was not successfully achieved in vivo, these findings show the potential susceptibility of wild ruminants to SRLV infection in the case of red deer and, on the other hand, an in vivo SRLV restriction in fallow deer. Altogether these results may highlight the importance of surveilling and controlling SRLV infection in domestic as well as in wild ruminants sharing pasture areas, and may provide new natural tools to control SRLV spread in sheep and goats. ; Funded by CICYT (AGL2010-22341-C04-01 and AGL2013-49137-C3-1-R) and Navarra's Government (IIQ010449.RI1 and IIQ14064.RI1). L. Sanjosé was a FPI fellow of the Spanish MINECO and R. Reina had contracts from the Public University of Navarra and CSIC. We acknowledge Marta Gil Antona for sampling in hunting expeditions and Hunting Associations (FEDEMCA, Tragsa, INTIA, etc.) for their collaboration in the obtention of samples. We acknowledge support in the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed

1. Nutrient supply to the newborn ruminant -- 2. Energy nutrition of rumen micro-organisms -- 3. Manipulation of rumen fermentation and associative effects -- 4. Host animal control of microbial fermentation and host animal digestion -- 5. Absorption of nutrients -- 6. Energy metabolism of the host animal -- 7. Utilization of the energy of absorbed nutrients -- 8. Feed quality and feed intake -- 9. Feed evaluation, past and present -- 10. Towards future feed evaluation systems.

Marino & Merskin discuss ways that popular culture winds up depicting sheep as meek and unintelligent rather than as the complex, social species they are. I extend their analysis to apply to wild ruminants, particularly deer.

No other similar manual availableWritten by authorities in the fieldGives comprehensive account of the methodologies and protocols for measuring methaneThe techniques can be adapted to other systems needing methane measurement, such as biogas plants, manure storage and application processes, sludge fermentation plants etc.

In 1980, very little was known about any aspect of communal area small ruminant production and productivity, even though small ruminants were an integral component of communal area farming systems. The Departement of Animal Science, in line with the government policy of prioritizing communal area agriculture, embarked on a research programme to study the existing production levels of communal area small ruminants. This information was to be used to design appropriate technologies for interventions to improve this production. A grant was obtained from an external donor to carry out the research programme. The research was carried out with the assistance of Research fellows registered for higher degree. In this way the project enhanced the development of human resources. The programme consisted of both on-station and on-farm research. On-station work emphasized biological components of small ruminant production whilst on-farm work mainly consisted of monitoring studies with minor interventions such as the introduction of new forage species and multipurpose trees. On-station work showed that indigenous small ruminants had a high genetic potential and responded positively to increased nutrients supplies. Monitoring studies identified management as the major constraint to goat production in communal areas. The limitation of the study was long interval between data collection and data analysis which resulted in few recommendations being introduced on-farm. Personnel training was a major success of the programme as it helped produce two research officers for the Departement of Research and Specialist Services, a principal and lecturer of an Agricultural College, a lecturer of the University of Zimbabwe and a development researcher for a non-governmental organization.

L'élevage transforme l'azote des végétaux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de déjections, qui peuvent être utilisées comme engrais. Toutefois le développement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires à une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphère. Cette problématique est traitée depuis une vingtaine d'années par les politiques européennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des élevages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les échelles pertinentes d'action pour réduire les émissions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en préservant la compétitivité des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivé de la part des ministères en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprès de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les différents flux d'azote associés aux activités d'élevage. Nous relatons ici les éléments majeurs concernant l'élevage des ruminants. ; Livestock transforms nitrogen from plants into animal products and releases a part of nitrogen in manure which can be recycled as fertilizer. Animal farming development has led to a concentration of production in some regions and consequently a concentration of nitrogen inputs and emissions, causing pollution in water, soil and air. This issue has been dealt with by European policies for 20 years. Nevertheless, what do we know about nitrogen flow dynamics in livestock farming? What are the options and the appropriate scale to reduce nitrogen emissions and impact on the environment without hampering competitiveness of animal productions? In 2010, these issues motivated French Ministries in charge of Agriculture and Ecology to request a collective scientific expert assessment from INRA, on nitrogen flow in livestock farming systems. This paper focuses on the main results concerning ruminant livestok farming

Après un aperçu des cheptels de ruminants élevés en France et dans l'Union Européenne, les caractéristiques des espèces qui influent sur les possibilités de mettre en oeuvre des programmes d'amélioration génétique et sur leur efficacité sont mentionnées. L'accent est mis sur les conséquences des paramètres de la reproduction, sur la nécessité d'une organisation rigoureuse et sur la diversité des situations rencontrées, entre espèces, races, territoires et filières. Les perspectives offertes par le développement en cours de la sélection génomique sont brièvement évoquées. ; After an overview of ruminant stocks in France and the European Union, The characteristics of the species acting on the possibilities to develop breeding programs and their efficiency are shown. Emphasis is put on the impact of the efficiency of reproduction, the need for a strict organization and the diversity of cases among species, breeds, territories and market chains. The perspectives opened by the ongoing development of genomic selection are briefly evoked.

This study aimed to review the mechanisms of action, clinical signs, pathology, and toxic compounds of plants that cause photosensitivity in ruminants. In addition, we sought to clarify the diagnostic methods and prophylaxis of photosensitivity-induced plants. Photosensitizing plants constitute an important group of poisonous plants in Brazil and there are at least seventeen species distributed in nine genera. Some of these plants have well known toxic compounds; in others, the substance responsible for the disease is unknown. In general, the photosensitivity can be classified as primary or secondary. Among the plants causing primary photosensitivity in Brazil, Ammi majus contains furocoumarins, while the compound in Froelichia humboldtiana remains uncertain. The known toxic compounds causing secondary photosensitivity include pyrrolizidine alkaloids, furans sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, and steroidal saponins. In other plants causing secondary photosensitization, including Stryphnodendron spp. and Enterolobium spp., the toxic compound is still unknown. Future research should be conducted in order to determine the various mechanisms of action of each toxic compound to assist the diagnosis of photosensitivity, to develop less toxic or non-toxic cultivars, or even to find new ways of preventing photosensitization.

Infections with parasitic helminths (IPH) have a huge economic, social, environmental and political negative impacts in global ruminant livestock industry in Europe in particular and across the world in general. The increasing prevalence of anthelmintic resistance means that current control programmes are in economic terms costly and unsustainable in the long term. So, the sustainable control of IPH requires a holistic approach and requires detailed knowledge of these various impacts and sub-indices of the sustainability of the IPH. Hence, the main aim of this work is to analyses the scientific state of the art of the IPH at a sustainable level whereas the sub-indices of the IPH sustainability. This will be essential to the continued research at IPH sustainability to promote at European level the productivity and profitability of livestock farming and its contribution to regional and global food security at European and world level. Thus, we did a revision of the scientific contributes in the sustainability sub-index of IPH at European and world level (based on SCOPUS Q1 and Q2 references and WoS) and we used Google Trends data as a quantitative methodology, namely, multivariate analysis and econometric models in order to nowcast and forecast new insights about the importance, the role and the new trends about IPH in Europe. The results show an interesting development and an increasing trend in IPH search terms as a proxi of IPH development in research and interest in Europe. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/draft