Suchergebnisse

Misinformation is considered a threat to our democratic values and principles. The spread of such content on social media polarizes society and undermines public discourse by distorting public perceptions and generating social unrest while lacking the rigor of traditional journalism. Transformers and transfer learning proved to be state-of-the-art methods for multiple well-known natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we propose MisRoB ae RTa, a novel transformer-based deep neural ensemble architecture for misinformation detection. MisRoB ae RTa takes advantage of two state-of-the art transformers, i.e., BART and RoBERTa, to improve the performance of discriminating between real news and different types of fake news. We also benchmarked and evaluated the performances of multiple transformers on the task of misinformation detection. For training and testing, we used a large real-world news articles dataset (i.e., 100,000 records) labeled with 10 classes, thus addressing two shortcomings in the current research: (1) increasing the size of the dataset from small to large, and (2) moving the focus of fake news detection from binary classification to multi-class classification. For this dataset, we manually verified the content of the news articles to ensure that they were correctly labeled. The experimental results show that the accuracy of transformers on the misinformation detection problem was significantly influenced by the method employed to learn the context, dataset size, and vocabulary dimension. We observe empirically that the best accuracy performance among the classification models that use only one transformer is obtained by BART, while DistilRoBERTa obtains the best accuracy in the least amount of time required for fine-tuning and training. However, the proposed MisRoB ae RTa outperforms the other transformer models in the task of misinformation detection. To arrive at this conclusion, we performed ample ablation and sensitivity testing with MisRoB ae RTa on two datasets.

Despite the proliferation of regional trade agreements between nations today,academics & policy makers alike have yet to fully understand what aims trading nations have when they pursue free trade agreements. This paper provides an explanation that an RTA is a contract through which RTA partners agree to a reciprocal exchange of preferential market access. Trading nations pursue RTAs to avoid exclusionary effects on non–members by securing reciprocal market access with RTA partners. The reciprocal nature of RTA tariff negotiations contrasts with the multilateral tariff elimination agreement under the GATT, where the notion of reciprocity is ambiguous. The mercantilist nature of RTA negotiations & the resulting RTAs reduce the chance of a successful multilateral tariff reduction round under the WTO as the exclusionary effects of existing RTAs provide further incentives for non–parties to form new RTAs.

Increasingly, the world is becoming more multicultural. It is especially visible in classrooms, where every day, boys and girls from all kinds of social, geographical and political backgrounds come together. For this reason, the school must open its doors to everyone and provide an education based on multiculturalism. Multicultural education focuses on enabling knowledge about the global reality, explaining and accepting cultural diversity, as well as reaffirming the universal right to a dignified life. ; Cada vez más, el mundo se vuelve más multicultural. Es especialmente visible en las aulas, donde todos los días, niños y niñas de todo tipo de ámbitos sociales, geográficos y políticos se reúnen. Por esta razón, la escuela debe abrir sus puertas a todo el mundo y proporcionar una educación basada en la multiculturalidad. La educación multicultural se centra en posibilitar el conocimiento acerca de la realidad mundial, explicar y aceptar la diversidad cultural, así como reafirmar el derecho universal a una vida digna.

Purpose
– The authors considered three regional trading agreements (RTAs): European Union (EU-25), ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), and South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to test the hypothesis that poor members within a RTA catch rich members and thereby follow the path of income convergence. Of particular interest is to test whether partial openness (i.e. formation of RTAs) or openness or political conditions are conducive to economic growth among the member countries of RTAs. The paper aims to discuss these issues.


Design/methodology/approach
– The authors used pooled datasets from three different RTAs, namely the EU-25, the AFTA, and the SAFTA. Taking five years average for all variables, starting from 1961 to 1965 and extending to 2001-2005, the authors tested the hypothesis that the growth rate of per capita GDP is negatively related to the initial level of per capita GDP. Constructing a dynamic behavioral equation and forming the reduced form equation, the authors calculated the s-convergence, and both conditional and unconditional convergence.


Findings
– The authors found that both the EU-25 and the AFTA exhibit s-convergence, and both conditional and unconditional convergence, while the reverse evidence was observed in the case of the SAFTA. However, the speed of convergence of the AFTA was found to be much higher than that of the EU-25.


Originality/value
– Formation of RTA by countries should be considered as an essential condition to achieve sustained economic growth. In addition, political rights, trade openness, and more importantly benevolence of the member countries within the RTA must be shown to sustain economic growth and convergence; otherwise with the passage of time, divergence among the RTA members will be evident.