Suchergebnisse

The role of occupant protection safety restraints in the prevention of neurotrauma (Manjul Tripathi and Soumyata Tripathi, Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India, and others) -- Examining the perceptual consequences of traffic complexity for vulnerable road users (Thomas Sanocki and Cassandra Cosgrove, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, US) -- The use of seat belts for reducing the number of road traffic deaths (Grace O. Korter, PhD, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria) -- Road traffic safety: a manual of safety measures (Raj Kumar, Jayesh Sardhara, and Amit Kumar Singh, Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India) -- Road traffic and safety: risk factors and recommendations (Professor S. A. Tabish, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar) -- An overview of determinants of road traffic accidents (Prof. Dr. Shankar Acharya, Dr. Nitin Adsul, Dr. Anita S. Acharya, Consultant Orthopaedic & Spine Surgeon, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, and others) -- Road safety in hilly terrain (Shashivadhanan Sundaravadhanan, Madakasira Sitaram Sridhar Shastry, Saurabh Kumar Vermay, and Chinmay Srivastav, Department of Neurosurgery, Army Hospital Research & Referral, Delhi, India) -- Road safety in conflict zones (Air Cmde M. S. Sridhar, Col S. K. Verma, Col Shashivadanan, Lt Col Chinmaya Srivastava, Department of Neurosurgery, Army Hospital R&R, New Delhi) -- Head injury: prevention and management (Sarvpreet Singh Grewal and Shivender Sobti, Department of Neurosurgery, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Brown Road, Ludhiana, Punjab, India) -- Physicians' perspectives on road traffic safety (Udit R. Narang, MD and Bimal K. Agrawal, MD, Department of Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Amblala, India) -- Bicycle-related injuries: prevention and challenges in Latin America (Joulen Mo-Carrascal MD, Johana Maraby, MD, and Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar, MD, Physician, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, and others) -- Pre-hospital care in traumatic brain injury (Dr V. D. Sinha and Dr Ugan Singh, Dept of Neurosurgery, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur-Rajasthan, India) -- Road traffic and safety: a qualitative study on experiences and expectations of persons with paraplegia in India -- (Nalina Gupta and Kavitha Raja, PhD Scholar, School of Physiotherapy, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, and others) -- Quantifying the burden of road traffic accidents -- (Dr. Raghavendra, Dr. Sudhindra Vooturi, and Dr. Manas Panigrahi, Department of Neurosurgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, and others) -- Road traffic injuries in india: a systematic review of the current research scenario (Ravi Dadlani, DNB (Neurosurgery), Master of Advanced Surgery (Neurosurgery), Department of Neurosurgery, Apollo Specialty Hospitals, Nellore, India)

During the period 2012-2016 a total of 1456 persons were killed in Swedish road traffic, naturaldeaths excluded. 143 of these fatalities were classified as suicides. This means that 10 percent (143 of1 456) of the road traffic fatalities were suicides. This has been established by using a method forsuicide and accident classification that has been developed by The Swedish Transport Administration, The Swedish Transport Agency and The National Board of Forensic Medicine. In September 2016 the Swedish government presented a new launch of the Vision Zero. Thegovernment stated that suicides in the traffic system is a problem that has to be addressed within thetraffic safety work. Preventive measures in order to reduce all fatalities in road traffic, intentional oraccidental, is in line with the Vision Zero. In Korea 4621 persons were killed in road crashes in 2015. How many of these fatalities that in factwere hidden suicides are somewhat uncertain. However Korea is the country with the highest suiciderate among members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).According to OECD statistic, 28.7 suicides per 100000 inhabitants occurred in 2013. This can becompared with 12.3 suicides per 100000 inhabitants in Sweden. A special session will discuss suicide in road traffic. Four speakers will present topics regardingsuicide and suicide in road traffic in Korea and Sweden. The session will include information on howsuicide in road traffic can be assessed and what can be done to prevent these fatalities. Eachpresentation should be 15 minutes followed by 3 minutes of question and answer. This will allow for adiscussion at the end of the session that can be approximately 15 minutes.

Intro -- Contents -- Important Symbols -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Selected Technical Aspects of a Motor Vehicle Motion -- 2.1 Selected Elements of Mechanics of Vehicle Motion -- 2.2 The Problem of Vehicle Crash Mechanics in a Model Approach -- 2.3 Selected Aspects of Vehicle Crash Simulation -- 2.4 The Problem of Vehicle Stability in Theoretical Approach -- 2.5 Possibilities of Stability Analysis of Motor Vehicles in Practical Terms -- 2.6 Analysis Related to Speeding and Braking the Motor Vehicle -- References -- 3 Vehicle Collisions-The Selected Issues -- 3.1 Mechanics of Vehicle Collision in General -- 3.2 Vehicle Collision with the Resultant Motion -- 3.3 Mechanics of Vehicle Collisions in Case of the Side Impact -- 3.4 Selected Aspects of the Use of Restitution Coefficients -- 3.5 Collision Simulations-Selected Aspects -- References -- 4 Selected Aspects of Motor Vehicle Research Backgrounds -- References -- 5 The Role of Disturbances of the Selected Vehicle Parameters in the Stability Examination Research -- 5.1 Disturbances of the Mass-Inertia Parameters -- 5.2 Disturbances of Motion Resulting from the Structural Changes -- 5.3 Disturbances Resulting from the Road Irregularities -- 5.4 The Problem of Changing the Parameters of a Vehicle Body as a Result of the Impact -- 5.5 Possibility of Practical Applications -- References -- 6 Review of the Selected Definitions of Stability -- 6.1 Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov -- 6.1.1 Asymptotic Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov -- 6.1.2 Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov in the Case of the Constantly Acting Disturbances -- 6.2 Stability in the Sense of Lagrange -- 6.3 Orbital Stability -- 6.4 Stability in the Poisson Sense -- 6.5 Technical Stability -- 6.6 The Stochastic Technical Stability -- 6.6.1 Assumptions -- 6.6.2 Definition of the Stochastic Technical Stability.

The main focus of this article is on the road traffic safety development trends in Latvia. Soon after the regain of independence at the beginning of the 1990s, road traffic safety characteristics in Latvia were the worst in the Latvian history. The increase of car availability and affordability made the car a major road vehicle. The implementation of road safety programmes contributed to essential improvement of road traffic safety in Latvia. The number of road accident fatalities in 2020 compared to 1991 decreased more than sevenfold. Nevertheless, the current Latvian road traffic safety statistics is well below the average level of the EU member states and even the pandemics did not cause similar reduction as in most member states. This indicates that great improvement is still needed. The article shows the Latvian experience in road traffic safety enhancements and discusses the measures to improve road traffic safety.

Abstract Modification of seatbelts and their legislation played an important role in reducing morbidity and mortality of occupants in road traffic collisions. We aimed to review seatbelt development, its mechanism of action and its effects. Seatbelts reduce injury by preventing the occupant from hitting the interior parts of the vehicle or being ejected from the car. We have made a linear regression correlation between the overall seatbelt compliance and road traffic death rates in 46 high income countries to study the relationship between seatbelt use and mortality. There was a very highly significant negative correlation between the seatbelt compliance and road traffic death rates (R = - 0.77, F = 65.5, p < 0.00001). Seatbelt-related injuries include spinal, abdominal or pelvic injuries. The presence of a seatbelt sign must raise the suspicion of an intra-abdominal injury. These injuries can be reduced if seatbelts were applied correctly. Although seatbelts were recognized as an important safety measure, it still remains underused in many countries. Enforcement of seatbelt usage by law is mandatory so as to reduce the toll of death of road traffic collisions.

Aim: This article aims at giving an overview of five ethical problem areas relating to traffic safety, thereby providing a general framework for analysing traffic safety from an ethical perspective and encouraging further discussion concerning problems, policies and technology in this area. Subjects and methods: The problems presented in the article are criminalisation, paternalism, privacy, justice and responsibility, and the reasons for choosing these are the following. First, they are all important areas in moral philosophy. Second, they are fairly general and it should be possible to categorise more specific problems under these headings. Ethical aspects of road traffic have not received the philosophical attention they deserve. Every year, more than 1 million people die globally in traffic accidents, and 20 to 50 million people are injured. Ninety per cent of the road traffic fatalities occur in low- and middle-income countries, where it is a growing problem. Politics, economics, culture and technology affect the number of fatalities and injuries, and the measures used to combat deaths in traffic as well as the role of road traffic should be ethically scrutinised. The topics are analysed and discussed from a moral-philosophical perspective, and the discussion includes both theory and applications. Results and conclusion: The author concludes with some thoughts on how the ethical discussion can be included in the public debate on how to save lives in road traffic. People in industrialised societies are so used to road traffic that it is almost seen as part of nature. Consequently, we do not acknowledge that we can introduce change and that we can affect the role we have given road traffic and cars. By acknowledging the ethical aspects of road traffic and illuminating the way the choices society makes are ethically charged, it becomes clear that there are alternative ways to design the road traffic system. The most important general conclusion is that discussion concerning these alternative ways of designing the system should be encouraged.

This book on road traffic congestion in cities and suburbs describes congestion problems and shows how they can be relieved. The first part (Chapters 1 - 3) shows how congestion reflects transportation technologies and settlement patterns. The second part (Chapters 4 - 13) describes the causes, characteristics, and consequences of congestion. The third part (Chapters 14 - 23) presents various relief strategies - including supply adaptation and demand mitigation - for nonrecurring and recurring congestion. The last part (Chapter 24) gives general guidelines for congestion relief and provides a general outlook for the future. The book will be useful for a wide audience - including students, practitioners and researchers in a variety of professional endeavors: traffic engineers, transportation planners, public transport specialists, city planners, public administrators, and private enterprises that depend on transportation for their activities.