Suchergebnisse

In this paper we compare the main regulatory frameworks: American (US RBC, Risk-Based-Capital), Swiss (SST, Swiss Solvency Test) and European (Solvency II). We improve on the existing literature by focusing on technical aspects of regulation schemes, particularly the capital requirements' calculation and by including latest quantitative and qualitative improvements of the Solvency II project. The comparison concludes that Swiss and European systems are advanced regulatory processes in comparison with American regulation although the latter system was perceived as a revolution some years ago. Even if the Swiss regime and the future European directive are quite similar, there are also some key differences to highlight. European approach to determine regulatory capital is mainly risk-sensitive, based on risk measures, whereas US RBC is mainly based on static factors and accounting data reported in the audited statutory annual statement. The three systems also differ with regards to the use of different risk measures, the consideration of operational and catastrophe risks, the use of internal models, the treatment of diversification effect, the limits imposed to investments, and the consideration of qualitative aspects. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

"May 1990"--P. iii. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-31). ; Mode of access: Internet.

If the second half of the 20th century saw the flourishing of a wide range of new technologies, the 21st century is the time in which such technologies become ubiquitous. In particular, the Internet, originally designed as a system of communication for military services in case of default of radio systems, is now the most widespread technology globally, providing the easiest and cheapest way to connect users from different parts of the world. Needless to say, the most prominent users of interchangeable devices for the interactive use of the Internet are minors, either during their childhood or their teenage years. The widening of this new class of users, on the one hand, is a trigger for public policy to "revitalise agendas of informal education, health and lifestyle advice, and civic participation", but, on the other hand, it multiplies the difficulties of policymakers, who have become more and more concerned about the risks and perils that minors face during their online surfing activities. This paper will try to address the regulatory solutions put forward for the different types of risk that minors can encounter online, analyzing their scope and potential flaws in order to provide a set of criteria that could be taken into account in the drafting process of such policies.

Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took a step-back in regulating the methane released during natural gas extraction. In June 2016, the EPA issued the first federal regulations on methane, estimating methane emissions would decrease by a total of 510,000 short tons in 2025, with a potential net benefit of $160 million. Yet, in October 2018, the EPA released a new proposal that weakened the 2016 methane rules, estimating methane emissions would increase by a total of 380,000 short tons in 2025, with a potential saving of $484 million. This paper explores the EPA's drastic change between 2016 and 2018 by using a multiple lenses approach to shine a light on different aspects of the methane output problem and policy change. The paper concludes by arguing that the EPA needs to strengthen the role and responsibility of state governments to control methane emissions before finalizing the proposed methane rule.

The article presents four categories of EU approaches on regulating supply chain responsibility. Sometimes, like in the case of the Kimberley process for conflict diamonds or with respect to illegally fished fishery products, the EU enacts restrictions or prohibitions that are specifically targeted at the import of foreign products. These import regimes are distinguished from marketing prohibitions for unethically produced goods. The prime examples are the European bans on cat and dog fur and seals products, as well as a possible future ban on goods made from forced labour. While these categories impose negative duties for EU importers and producers, the author also looks at EU regulations imposing positive obligations of EU companies. They may either be required to report about supply chain responsibility or need to entertain due diligence with respect to their import activities. For the latter category, the author discusses the EU regulations on tropical timber, conflict minerals, deforestation and general due diligence. Hoffmeister shows how these regimes fit into the normative framework of the European Union's foreign policy objectives and argues that they are WTO compatible. He also provides a short comparative assessment about their effectiveness.

Abstract
The author proposes that the FCC support the creation of an independent body under its supervision, composed of all stakeholders in the debate over "network neutrality" and "reasonable network management" to set and enforce norms and rules (co-regulation) related to traffic and content management issues. This proposal is grounded in the FCC's authority under Section 201(b) of the Communications Act. This proposal is positioned as a middle-ground between no regulation and excessive regulation, to avert a bandwidth "tragedy of the commons."

Abstract
The author proposes that the FCC support the creation of an independent body under its supervision, composed of all stakeholders in the debate over "network neutrality" and "reasonable network management" to set and enforce norms and rules (co-regulation) related to traffic and content management issues. This proposal is grounded in the FCC's authority under Section 201(b) of the Communications Act. This proposal is positioned as a middle-ground between no regulation and excessive regulation, to avert a bandwidth "tragedy of the commons."