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Health care quality measurement has become increasingly emphasized, as providers and administrators respond to public and government demands for improved patient care. This article will review the evolution of surgical quality measurement and improvement from its infancy in the 1850s to the vast efforts being undertaken today.

This book provides a detailed review of statistical tools used in analyzing and addressing environmental issues. This book examines commonly-used techniques found in USEPA guidelines and discusses their potential impact on decision-making. The authors are not constrained by statistical formalism; they advise when to go outside of standard statistical models when making difficult decisions. The content is presented in a practical style that emphasizes methods that work, based upon the authors' extensive experience. The text points out that simplicity facilitates effective communication of an analysis and decision to a ...consumer... of statistics. The book emphasizes the exact question that each procedure addresses, so that environmental scientists and engineers can clearly identify the question they want to ask, and correctly interpret the results.

We examined the efficacy of using transparency-tube measurements to estimate turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in several California waterways. Just as lowering a black-and-white disk (Secchi disk) into a lake provides a convenient way to measure its water clarity, a transparency tube offers a practical alternative for measuring water clarity and suspended solids concentrations in California streams and waterways. While transparency relationships with turbidity and TSS are strongest within a given sampling location, these relationships are relatively robust across a wide range of water bodies displaying contrasting conditions. However, transparency-tube measurements appear to have limited value in predicting particulate nutrient concentrations, even at a given sampling site. The low cost, ease of use and excellent repeatability of measurement make the transparency tube a potentially valuable tool for anyone interested in monitoring water quality, including farmers, ranchers, citizen volunteer groups, schools and local governments seeking to get involved in watershed monitoring programs.

Governments are responsible for providing services to the public easily, efficiently, therefore they introduced electronic government as a way to minimize costs, enhance services, save time and augment performance and efficacy in the public sector. E-service Quality is one of the critical issues in the failure or success of e-government projects. It promotes the efficiency and effectiveness of governments and the relationships with users and enhances their satisfactions. Measurement of e-service quality is a complex process because it depends on citizens" perception that is difficult to be realized and measured. This paper aims to review scales measurement of egovernment services quality that providing an evaluating scale based on defining the significant e- service quality dimensions. These dimensions cover important e-services requirements to enhance e-service quality.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, the basis for the establishment of cooperatives in Indonesia, is intended to be one of the solid pillars of the nation's economy. Cooperatives have not played much role in reducing people's poverty and realizing food independence (Tjakrawerdjaja, 2019). The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement of the quality of the implementation of cooperative governance. Cooperative governance that is not based on the principle of good cooperative governance has the potential to have a negative impact on the health of cooperatives and the survival of cooperatives (Budiyono & Susilowati, 2017). The research method used in this study is qualitative research, which emphasizes analyzing and interpreting a problem (Afrizal, 2014). Participants in this study are those who have knowledge and experience about cooperatives. The population will spread across the scope of the cooperative, especially at the level of administrators, supervisors, and management. The process of analyzing research data is carried out inductively, namely data analysis is carried out simultaneously with data collection in a cyclical process (Nugrahani, 2014). The data analysis model that the author uses is the interactive analysis of Miles & Huberman. In order to collect data from information sources or informants, researchers need assistance instruments that are used semi-structured interview guidelines. The next stage of this research is to conduct content analysis. The main purpose of content analysis is to support answers to research questions, namely the extent to which cooperative governance is implemented. Content analysis is carried out on the Accountability Report of the Cooperative Management and Supervisory Board. The results of this study indicate that the Development of Quality Measurement of Cooperative Governance Implementation, produces 15 (fifteen) dimensions and 97 (ninety-seven) indicators. The level of implementation of the ...