Suchergebnisse

Norwegian peacekeeping operations abroad operate under different conditions than civil water supply in Norway. It may be poor access to drinking water of satisfactory quality, there is a greater daily intake of water and that the composition of personnel is not a cross-section of the population in Norway. In the present work it is examined whether or not the groundwater in Maimanah and in Kabul, Afghanistan has a satisfactory water quality, as well as if the limits set in the Civil Norwegian Drinking Water Regulations is appropriate. Civilian Norwegian laws and regulations within the food area is not enforceable abroad, but the Norwegian Armed Forces (NAF) chooses to deal with the regulations governing. The fieldwork related to this master consisted in withdrawal of water samples from wells in connection with military camps where there is deployed Norwegian military forces in Afghanistan. The water was analyzed for the determination of 59 different elements using ICP-MS (Agilent 8800 Triple quadrupole ICP-MS) to identify the content of inorganic elements in groundwater. Microbiological parameters were not considered in the present work. Theoretical part of this thesis was a risk assessment in two parts. The first part was to calculate the inherent adaptive properties of Drinking Water Regulations when consuming 10 liters of drinking water per day, no time limit defined. Drinking water should have values corresponding limits in the regulations, as well as values corresponding limit value plus 50%. The second part of the risk assessment was to use the results from the chemical analyses, and assess whether this water would pose a health risk when consuming 10 liters a day, no time limit. Work shows that groundwater from KAIA, Kabu,l in an amount of 10 liters a day, may not be used as drinking water approved under the Drinking Water Regulations. However, groundwater from Maimanah, Faryab, in an amount of 10 liters a day, may be used as drinking water approved under Drinking Water Regulations. Norske fredsbevarende operasjoner i utlandet opererer under andre forutsetninger enn sivil vannforsyning i Norge. Det kan være dårlig tilgang på drikkevann av tilfredsstillende kvalitet, det er et større daglig inntak av drikkevann samt at sammensetningen av personell ikke er et tverrsnitt av populasjonen i Norge. I denne masteroppgaven er det undersøkt om grunnvann i Maimanah og i Kabul, Afghanistan har en tilfredsstillende drikkevannskvalitet, samt om sivile norske grenseverdier ("Drikkevannsforskriften") er hensiktsmessig. Sivile norske lover og forskrifter innen næringsmiddelområdet er ikke rettskraftige i utlandet, men Forsvaret velger å forholde seg til regelverket som styrende. Feltarbeidet i tilknytning til denne masteren bestod i uttak av vannprøver fra brønner i tilknytning til militær leire hvor det er deployert norske militære styrker i Afghanistan. Vannet ble analysert for bestemmelse av 59 ulike elementer ved bruk av ICP-MS (Agilent 8800 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS), for å kartlegge innholdet av uorganiske grunnstoffer i grunnvannet. Vurderinger av mikrobiologiske parametre ligger utenfor denne oppgaven. Teoretiske delen av oppgaven var en todelt risikovurdering. Første del var å regne på de iboende adaptive egenskapene til Drikkevannsforskriften ved et inntak på 10 liter drikkevann per dag, ingen tidsbegrensning definert. Drikkevannet skulle ha verdier tilsvarende grenseverdiene i forskriften, samt verdier tilsvarende grenseverdien pluss 50 %. Den andre delen av risikovurderingen gikk ut på å benytte analyseresultatene fra feltarbeidet, og vurdere om dette vannet ville utgjøre en helserisiko ved et inntak på 10 liter om dagen, ingen tidsbegrensning. Arbeidet viser at grunnvann fra KAIA, Kabul ikke vil kunne benyttes som drikkevann, i en mengde på 10 liter om dagen, godkjent i henhold til Drikkevannsforskriften. Grunnvann fra Maimanah, Faryab vil kunne benyttes som drikkevann i en mengde på 10 liter om dagen, godkjent i henhold til Drikkevannforskriften. ; M-PV

The end of the twentieth – beginning of the twenty first presented the world with a number of global challenges where the issue of clean drinking water plays a special part. European Union plays an important part in developing solutions for this problem. The article studies the major stages of evolution of environmental management policy and European in regard to clean drinking water. It analyses current issues of maintaining quality of drinking water in EU countries. ; Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии

Willingness-to-Pay to avoid risks has long been recognised as an important response to perceived environmental and health hazards. Abdalla, et al. (1992) have documented the existence of consumer averting behaviour in response to potential water contamination, while Musser, et al. (1992) Smith and Desvouges (1986) and Courant and Porter (1998) were among the first to provide a theoretical framework for the averting behaviour in response to pollution. All these studies estimated that averting behaviour formed a lower bound willingness-to-pay for reduction in pollution under certain conditions. In developing countries willingness-to-pay and demand for the good quality drinking water is often low. The major causes are lack of awareness regarding the contamination of drinking water and low levels of household incomes. The objectives of this paper are (a) to estimate the effects of formal and informal awareness of households on the demand for the home purification methods and b) to estimate willingness to pay for the safe drinking water. To accomplish these objectives we develop a theoretical framework of households' water purification behaviour by incorporating the wealth and awareness indicators of households.

This research examined the microbiological quality of drinking water distribution systems typically encountered in First Nation in Canada. Fecal bacteria and a wide range of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were frequently present in tap water of a community that relies on lake water as the source water to its water treatment plant, whereas this was not the case in communities that rely on groundwater. Fecal bacteria and ARGs were predominantly detected in tap water of homes that had water distributed by a truck for storage in underground cisterns, and not in treated water of homes with piped water. Cistern samples that tested positive for fecal bacteria had free residual chlorine concentrations less than 0.2 mg/L, which is required to suppress microbial growth. We are urging all governments in Canada to strategize how to alternatively deliver clean, running drinking water to families living in these homes. ; October 2018

The thinly populated Balkhash District of Kazakhstan&rsquo ; s Almaty Region lies in the lower reaches of the Ili-Balkhash basin, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. The district is arid and heavily dependent on inflows of surface water, which are threatened by the effects of upstream population growth, economic development, and climate change. The quality of drinking water from centralized water systems and tube wells in nine villages of the district was analyzed, and the organoleptic properties of water from these sources was also assessed by an expert and via surveys of local residents. Although most samples met governmental standards for the absence of chemical impurities, high concentrations of mineralization, chlorides, boron, iron, and/or uranium were present in some well water samples. Levels of these pollutants were as much as 4-fold higher than governmental maxima and as much as 16-fold higher than concentrations reported previously in surface water. All centralized water samples met standards for absence of microbial contamination, but total microbial counts in some well water samples exceeded standards. Organoleptic standards were met by all the water from five villages, but centralized water from one village and well water from four villages failed to meet standards based on expert judgment. Residents were, for the most part, more satisfied with centralized rather than well water, but there was no obvious relationship between the failure of water to meet standards and the locations or populations of the settlements. This is the first comprehensive assessment of groundwater used for drinking in the lower Ili-Balkhash basin, and although it relies on a limited number of samples, it nevertheless provides evidence of potentially serious groundwater contamination in the Balkhash District. It is thus imperative that additional and more detailed studies be undertaken.

The water samples from Rasina District (Serbia) were evaluated for principal physical and chemical parameters, as well as for microbiological contaminants. Results were compared to National and World Health Organization (WHO) water quality standards. Several samples contained total organic matter, ammonia, residual chlorine, nitrite, nitrate, iron and manganese above proposed legislation limits. For samples contaminated with faecal bacteria, Streptococcus faecalis, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria and sulfite-reducing clostridia special attention should be payed to drinking water disinfecting methods. The potential health risks of waterborne diseases due to consumption of water from contaminated sources could be implied.

Water is essential for life, but its quality is confronted with several problems, including insufficient hygiene and sanitation, which necessitate a contribution to improving the hygienic quality of drinking water. Adescriptive study of 129 randomly selected households was carried out in order to get an idea of the health risks associated with drinking water. Water samples (75) were analyzed using the standardized routine methods described by the European Union. These analyzes related to the following germs: total aerobic flora, total coliforms, thermo tolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria and fecal streptococci. The results showed that 43.41% of households surveyed do not have a source of water at home. Water sources include wells, boreholes, and rainwater. Drinking water storage containers are not covered in 38.89% of the cases. Of the 60 households that have a water source and a latrine at the same time, 27 households or 45% have latrines within 15 meters of the water source. The microbiological analyzes showed that the drinking water samples analyzed are contaminated to varying degrees by the germs retained by the European Union criteria. Total germs and coliforms resulted in high levels of non-compliance. The waters of the storage containers were the most contaminated. Appropriate measures shall be taken for the monitoring and disinfection of these waters before their use.

Air merupakan salah satu elemen penting yang menunjang kehidupan manusia. Air bersih digunakan untuk minum, mandi dan mencuci. Air bersih yang baik adalah yang memenuhi persyaratan yang dikeluarkan Pemerintah sesuai dengan PPRI nomor 82 tahun 2001 dan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 tanggal 20 April, 2010 untuk syarat air minum yaitu meliputi parameter fisika (rasa, bau, suhu, TDS dan kekeruhan) dan parameter kimia (kesadahan, pH, klorida, Fe, Cu dan Pb). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil beberapa titik sampling (4 titik) di kawasan Aceh Besar untuk dimonitor kualitas air bersihnya. Hasil rata-rata yang diperoleh adalah 28,5oC untuk Temperatur, tidak berbau, tidak berasa, TDS 305,7 mg/L, Kekeruhan 1,71 NTU, Kesadahan total 168,17 mg/L, pH 8,28, Klorida 97,65 mg/L, Fe 0,0009 mg/L, Cu 0,002 mg/L, Pb 0,001 mg/L. Dari analisa disimpulkan bahwa air bersih tersebut memenuhi standar baku mutu dan layak dikonsumsi. Water is one of the important elements that support human life. Clean water is used for drinking, bathing and washing. Good clean water shall fulfill the requirements issued by the Government in accordance with PPRI number 82 of 2001 and the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 dated April 20, 2010 for drinking water requirements including physical parameters (taste, smell, TDS and turbidity) and chemical parameters (hardness, pH, chloride, Fe, Cu and Pb). This study was conducted by taking some sampling point (4 points) in Aceh Besar area to monitor the quality of clean water. The average results obtained are 28.5oC for Temperature, odorless, tasteless, TDS 305.7 mg/L, Turbidity 1.71 NTU, Total hardness 168.17 mg/L, pH 8.28, Chloride 97,65 mg/ L, Fe 0.0009 mg/L, Cu 0.002 mg/L, Pb 0.001 m/L. From the analysis it is concluded that the water fill up the standard of quality and feasible to consumed.Keywords: kesadahan, pH, klorida, Fe, Cu, PbReferensi Mulyani, Marwan, Nazli Ismail, 2012, River Water Quality Spatial Analysis Based On Physical Parameter Throughout Krueng Daroy In Banda Aceh, Journal of Aceh Physics Society, SS, Vol. 1, No. 1 pp. 1-2, 2012Suripin, 2001, Pelestarian Sumber Daya Tanah dan Air, Andi Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta

Purpose: Water refill depots have increased in all areas of Indonesia. Many studies have reported concerns about the bacteriological quality of drinking water at refill depots. However, limited studies have focused on ensuring the safety and quality of drinking water in refill depots, particularly for small-scale depots. This paper examines water microbiological quality at the refill depots and their depot production inspections from the local public health authority.Method: This survey used 60% of depots (47 out of 77 depots in the district) from April 4th to May 31st, 2016, in the North Luwu District of Central Sulawesi. Water samples were taken for E. coli and coliform examination. In-depth interviews were conducted with environmental health officers at the local health authority, depot owners, and workers.Results: Almost half of the total depots (49%) failed to meet the hygiene standard. Site observation found that depots were with poor sanitation and poor water handling. Depot owners found the cost of two times a year of the bacteriological examination was too expensive, including the transportation cost of water samples to the available closest laboratory in the provincial capital.Conclusion: Depots with non-standard bacteriological quality were still high. Supervision of the depot by the district health office was very loose. Efforts to advocate the district health office to take a more assertive position are critical. Community organizations and refill water depot associations should be involved so that public health interests get attention from the local government.

Background: In the current scenario, the urbanization is happening at a faster pace and the economy is not able to match at par with urbanization, this In turn is causing problems of unavailability of safe and potable water along with proper sewage system, despecially in urban slums. As a result of the scenario many urban slums are still using poor quality pit latrines and even drawing water from nearby wells, water taps which are not complying with government norms. Space is also a big problem which is being faced by these slums, due to which there is a lack of enough spaces in the houses and nearby areas, therby causing overcrowding. Due to overcrowding, the space between houses, pit latrines, wells, taps and water bodies has decreased and thus the potential of contamination of water bodies by fecal microorganisms has increased drastically. Given the above knowledge, a study is much needed to estimate the presumptive and differential coliform count of water samples from the urban slum area in Lucknow. Subjects & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of January to June 2019. Samples were collected from all the taps, hand pumps that were currently in use, along with potable water stored in households of Sarvodaya Nagar (an urban slum area), Lucknow and were processed in the Microbiology department of IIMS&R, Lucknow. Results: A total of 53(63%) samples were taken from Public supply, out of which 36(67. 9%) were found unsatisfactory and 17(32.0%) were intermediate, were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas sp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella Spp. Citrobacter, Enterococcus and Pseudornonas Spp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella respectively. In the study more than half of the samples were taken from the Public water supply. Out of these about seventy percent were unsatisfactory and were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas. Conclusion: The proper sanitation, regular treatment, supervision of water sources, arid regular bacteriological assessment of all water sources for drinking should be planned and conducted.

Essentiality of water sustain life, and a satisfactory supply must be readily available to promote health, prolong life expectancy and prevent diseases. This study assesses the sources and quality of drinking water in Piwoyi community of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Thirty-five (35) Boreholes and Two (2) Sachet water were identified sources of drinking water in Piwoyi Community. Six Samples (5 Boreholes and 1Sachet water) were selected at random and analyzed in the laboratory. The Physicochemical parameters examined include electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolve oxygen (DO), chloride, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, phosphorous, sulphate, sodium, potassium, fluoride, bicarbonate, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite, copper, iron and zinc; and Microbiological parameters include Coliforms, E-coli and Faecal Strep. The results of analysis shows significant concentration of physicochemical and microbiological parameters in the samples of water analyzed according to Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality thereby makes the water unsafe for drinking. Drinking from these sources of water will pose serious health risk to the people of Piwoyi Community. Therefore, the study helps to identify the contaminated locations as well as assist to follow emerging remedial measures toward controlling the contamination source in the community. It also recommends continuous monitoring and enforcement of environmental violations, aggressive sensitization on water sanitation and hygiene; adequate purification of water at domestic level; and government support on potable water supply and establish reasonable management strategies for sustainable water quality protection toward protecting public health.