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In an incredible story of human adaptation, the aggregate global risk of mortality to extreme weather declined by over two orders of magnitude over the past century. Yet the data show that large losses of lives to extreme weather disasters persist in nations typified by poor economic development, weak institutions, and political instability. And currently we are seeing spikes in mortality from extreme heat events in rich nations, including a wave of new reported deaths in Japan, Europe, and Canada during 2018. These events and future projections of increasing exposure suggest that we need to revisit adaptation strategies to deal with the adverse effects of extreme weather disasters across the world.

Climate change has been described as the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. As a result, governments around the world are committing to legislative change in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs). The healthcare sector makes a significant contribution to GHGEs and in line with national legislation in the UK, the NHS has recently committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The management of asthma and COPD largely depends on the prescribing of medications that are delivered through inhalers. In the UK, the use of pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), which rely on hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) propellants accounts for 3.5% of the NHS's total carbon footprint. In contrast, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have a much lower carbon footprint due to the absence of a HFC propellant. Here we review evidence of the impact of inhaler choices across four domains: environmental impact, clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and patient preferences. We find that as well as a lower global‐warming potential, DPIs have additional benefits over pMDIs in other domains and should be considered first line where clinically appropriate.

During the last few decades we have seen a rapid growth in the body of literature on climate-induced human mobility or environmental migration. Meanwhile, in-depth people-centred studies investigating people's (im)mobility decision-making as a highly complex and sociopsychological process are scarce. This is problematic as human decision-making behaviour and responses—including their success or failure—closely align with people's wellbeing status. In this article, elaborations around why these under-representations of research narratives and existing methods will guide us towards a solution. The article proposes a conceptual model to help fill this gap that is inspired by Michel Foucault's power and knowledge relationship and discursive subjectivities. The conceptual idea introduced by the article offers as a replicable approach and potential way forward that can support widening empirical research in the area of climate-induced (im)mobility decision-making and wellbeing.

The Lancet Countdown is an international, multidisciplinary collaboration, dedicated to monitoring the evolving health profile of climate change, and providing an independent assessment of the delivery of commitments made by governments worldwide under the Paris Agreement. The 2019 report presents an annual update of 41 indicators across five key domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the findings and consensus of 35 leading academic institutions and UN agencies from every continent. Each year, the methods and data that underpin the Lancet Countdown's indicators are further developed and improved, with updates described at each stage of this report. The collaboration draws on the world-class expertise of climate scientists; ecologists; mathematicians; engineers; energy, food, and transport experts; economists; social and political scientists; public health professionals; and doctors, to generate the quality and diversity of data required. The science of climate change describes a range of possible futures, which are largely dependent on the degree of action or inaction in the face of a warming world. The policies implemented will have far-reaching effects in determining these eventualities, with the indicators tracked here monitoring both the present-day effects of climate change, as well as the worldwide response. Understanding these decisions as a choice between one of two pathways—one that continues with the business as usual response and one that redirects to a future that remains "well below 2°C"—helps to bring the importance of recognising the effects of climate change and the necessary response to the forefront. Evidence provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Energy Agency, and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration clarifies the degree and magnitude of climate change experienced today and contextualises these two pathways.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Foreword, Preface, Dedication and In Memoriam -- Foreword -- Preface -- Approach to the assessment -- Scope of the report -- Structure of the report -- The assessment process -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- In Memoriam -- Contents -- Summary for Policymakers -- SPM Summary for Policymakers -- SPM.1 Introduction -- SPM.2 Approaches to climate change mitigation -- SPM.3 Trends in stocks and flows of greenhouse gases and their drivers -- SPM.4 Mitigation pathways and measures in the context of sustainable development -- SPM.4.1 Long-term mitigation pathways -- SPM.4.2 Sectoral and cross-sectoral mitigation pathways and measures -- SPM.4.2.1 Cross-sectoral mitigation pathways and measures -- SPM.4.2.2 Energy supply -- SPM.4.2.3 Energy end-use sectors -- Transport -- Buildings -- Industry -- SPM.4.2.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) -- SPM.4.2.5 Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning -- SPM.5 Mitigation policies and institutions -- SPM.5.1 Sectoral and national policies -- SPM.5.2 International cooperation -- Technical Summary -- TS Technical Summary -- TS.1 Introduction and framing -- TS.2 Trends in stocks and flows of greenhouse gases and their drivers -- TS.2.1 Greenhouse gas emission trends -- TS.2.2 Greenhouse gas emission drivers -- TS.3 Mitigation pathways and measures in the context of sustainable development -- TS.3.1 Mitigation pathways -- TS.3.1.1 Understanding mitigation pathways in the context of multiple objectives -- TS.3.1.2 Short- and long-term requirements of mitigation pathways -- TS.3.1.3 Costs, investments and burden sharing -- TS.3.1.4 Implications of mitigation pathways for other objectives -- TS.3.2 Sectoral and cross-sectoral mitigation measures -- TS.3.2.1 Cross-sectoral mitigation pathways and measures -- TS.3.2.2 Energy supply -- TS.3.2.3 Transport.

Intro -- CLIMATE CHANGE: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICY TOOLS -- CLIMATE CHANGE: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICY TOOLS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CLIMATE CHANGE: FEDERAL FUNDING AND TAX INCENTIVES -- Summary -- Overview -- Program Areas -- Tax Expenditures -- International Context -- Categories of Reported Funding -- Consistency Issues -- Recent Funding and the President's FY2008 Request -- Interagency Objectives and Coordination -- Climate Change Science Program -- Climate Change Technology Program -- International Climate Change Assistance -- Tax Provisions -- Key Policy and Funding Issues -- Appendix I. Congressional Language Requiring Reports to Congress on Federal Climate Change Obligations and Expenditures -- Appendix II. Climate Change Technology Priorities -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 U.S. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY: EVOLVING VIEWS ON COST, COMPETITIVENESS, AND COMPREHENSIVENESS -- Summary -- From Study to Commitment: The UNFCCC -- Developing Programs: EPACT -- Comparing EPACT and the UNFCCC -- UNFCCC Results: Action Plans -- The George H. W. Bush Administration's National Action Plan: "No Regrets -- The Clinton Administration's National Action Plans: Industrial Strength "No Regrets" -- Kyoto and S.Res. 98 -- The George W. Bush Administration's National Action Plan: Abjuring an Emissions Reduction Goal -- Looking for New Directions -- Senate Amendment 866 [109th Congress] and S. 2191 [110th Congress] -- President Obama, the 111th Congress, and Climate Change -- Addressing the Three-Cs: Emerging Price versus Quantity Debate -- Conclusion: Battle of Policy Perspectives32 -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 CLIMATE CHANGE: CURRENT ISSUES AND POLICY TOOLS -- Summary -- Introduction -- Part One: Current Climate Change Issues -- Climate Change Science2 -- Observed changes in global climate -- Causes of observed climate change.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter -- Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate( -- Committee on Science, Space, and Technology U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing Charter, Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate -- Purpose -- Witnesses -- Overarching Questions -- Background -- Understanding the Causes of Extreme Weather Events -- Forecasting Extreme Weather Events -- Communicating Extreme Weather Events -- Impacts of Extreme Weather Events -- Additional Reading -- Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), Full Committee Hearing: Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate, Thursday, September 26, 2019 -- Opening Statement of Ranking Member Frank Lucas, Full Committee Hearing, Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate, September 26, 2019 -- Testimony of Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd, Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences and Geography, and Director, Atmospheric Sciences Program, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, and 2013 President, Americ... -- Written Testimony of Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd, Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences and Geography and Director, Atmospheric Sciences Program at the University of Georgia, Former President of the American Meteoro... -- Clarity on Extreme Weather-Climate Change Attribution, Messaging, and Steps Forward Key Takeaway Points -- Introduction -- Contemporary Extreme Weather within the Context of Climate Change -- Messaging Emergencies in the Extreme Weather-Climate Change Connections -- Some Ideas to Move Forward -- Keep Scientific Observation and Modeling Capacity Robust -- Learn from Best Practices in Regional or Stakeholder Efforts.

Climate Change and Adaptation transcends many policy areas and is an evolving discipline. The Report presented by the Climate Change Committee on Adaptation (CCCA) must be seen as an initial step that complements the work of the Department of Physics within the University of Malta (UoM) with regards to the Second National Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Report presented by the Committee should serve as the basis of a mature, apolitical, national discussion on the potential impact of climate change adaptation on Malta. The arising discussion should be supported by an ongoing communication process that is directed to inform, educate, and instill awareness amongst the population at large on this important policy domain. The Report is not exhaustive. The breadth and depth of climate change and adaptation limits the extent to which all arising issues are explored and studied, and for which solutions are presented. The Government, knowledge institutions, non government organisations, and think thanks should use the Report as a spring board from which they extend further knowledge of the impact of climate change adaptation on Malta by expanding on policy matters presented in the Report as well as to fill in lacunae on policy matters not addressed by the Report. The Committee has neither prioritized nor costed the recommendations it puts forward. This is a conscious decision taken by the Committee. The Committee is aware that there will be those who will criticise it on this matter. Be that as it may, the Committee is of the considered opinion that a prioritisation and costing exercise should only be carried out following a comprehensive public discussion were the policy proposals presented are debated, new policy proposals put forward by the public, non governmental organisations, et al, and specific, as well as generic, reactions to the Report listened to, examined, and reviewed. The Committee has also not presented recommendations with regards to where the loci of responsibility for climate change and adaptation should rest and the resource capacity required should rest to take forward and implement the final recommendations following the discussion process. This is again a conscious decision taken by the Committee. Once again, the Committee is aware that there will be those who will criticise it on this matter. Be that as it may, this Report must not be seen in isolation from the National Strategy for Policy and Abatement Measures Relating to the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions approved by the House of Representatives in September 2009. The Committee underlines that the National Strategy for Policy and Abatement Measures Relating to the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions had proposed the setting up of a Climate Change Division within the Malta Resources Authority which will 'own and co-ordinate Climate Change adaptation and mitigation policy at both a national and international level'. ; peer-reviewed

Earth's climate -- The greenhouse effect -- Checks and balances -- Natural climate change -- Human impact -- Burning the forests -- Fossil fuels -- Our carbon culture -- Adding to the problem -- Heatwaves and droughts -- Melting ice -- Warming oceans -- Oceanic research -- Living with the heat -- Plight of the polar bear -- Climate models -- This century -- What scares the scientists? -- Who is most vulnerable? -- Adapting to climate change -- Combating climate change -- Cutting the carbon -- Nuclear power -- Renewable enery -- Power for the people -- Energy efficiency -- Green transport -- Your carbon footprint -- Greenhouse-gas producers.

What is climate change? -- Marching for science -- Questions about climate change -- How can we answer these questions? -- Climate change policies -- Is Earth's climate changing? -- Are humans affecting the climate? -- Deforestation and the carbon cycle -- What are the effects of climate change -- Climate change and hurricanes -- Climate change and Earth's oceans -- What should we do about climate change? -- The 2019 UN Climate Summit 2019 -- International action -- Joining the climate change conversation.