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"In all highly industrialized countries public expenditures are a substantial and growing share of total economic activity. The authors integrate normative and positive theory and empirical analysis of public expenditure, concentrating on the optimal provision of public goods and the estimation of their costs and effects. This volume emphasizes the techniques that are available for reaching collective decisions about the provision of public goods and stresses the importance of income distribution and intergovernmental fiscal relations. In a mixed economy, where the public sector is growing faster than the private sector, the nature of public expenditures must be closely evaluated and studied. This book is designed to focus on and delineate controversies about public expenditure--to define what it is, analyze its function, show how it operates, and finally to evaluate research on this important subject. The book considers the theories of leading economists (Kenneth Arrow, Lionel Robbins, Carl Shoup, James Buchanan, Paul Samuelson, Richard Musgrave, and others) in arriving at a clear statement of theory in its application to operational problems. Appropriate attention is paid to current techniques such as program budgeting, cost-benefit analysis, and the analysis of the determinants of public expenditure. The book is unique in its emphasis on the integration and critique of contemporary theories of public expenditure, of distributional concerns, and of the political framework of public expenditure decisions. It provides a necessary resource for professional economists required to deal with public expenditure problems in research or practice."--Provided by publisher.

Cover -- Half Title -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. The Nature of the Public Sector -- 2. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure: Partial Equilibrium -- 3. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure: General Equilibrium -- 4. Market Failure, Public Policy, and Public Expenditure -- 5. The Politics of Collective Choice -- 6. Program Budgeting -- 7. Benefit-Cost Analysis -- 8. Fiscal Federalism -- 9. Determinants and Consequences of Public Expenditures -- Name Index -- Subject Index

One of the official transport policy objectives in Sweden is that all citizens should have access to the transport system. The public sector is therefore required by law to provide special transport services (STS) for those who are unable to use public transport or private car. STS is often provided through public procurement of taxi services. As a response to new legislation in 2000, there have been developments in the public transport sector, making buses, trains and other parts of the system more accessible to people with disabilities. These developments have also been driven by other objectives, such as reducing costs in STS by transferring passengers from STS to regular public transport. However, so far, there is little evidence of the effects of public transport access on STS usage. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of public transport system design on the demand for STS permits and usage. The main focus is on how different aspects of the general public transport system (e.g. price and supply levels) affect the demand for STS permits and STS usage per permit. In addition, the analysis will control for socioeconomic and geographical variables. It is concluded that the price and supply level of public transport do affect STS travel. Public transport price affects the demand for permits as well as the demand for trips from permit holders. Public transport service level only has an effect on the demand for permits.

Public transport represents the first choice of a great part of global population when selecting a mode of travel, because it is, above all, economical. On the other hand, precisely due to its mass, this system is vulnerable. Data from 2017 show that the Moscow Metro is used by 6.9 million passengers a day, and the passenger flow in the morning is 6 passengers per second. It is not difficult for terrorists to remain unnoticed in this crowd. The events of previous decades show that public transport was a frequent choice when selecting the target of an attack, primarily because public transport is mass, relatively unsecured and easy for infiltration. In addition, such attacks are reported in the media. The paper considers the concept of terrorism and tactics used during attacks on public transport. Motives that inspire individuals to undertake such destructive actions are also discussed. With a theoretical emphasis on previous terrorist attacks, the objective of the paper is to provide guidelines that can mobilise all social factors in order to prevent such attacks in the future, primarily through the education of individuals.

The development of transport networks requires public investments, in terms of government expenditure, on several types of (road, rail, port, airport, and urban public transport) infrastructure, including their operational and maintenance services. This paper develops and implements a system-wide spatioeconomic model to analyze the expenditure competition among different types of investment in the Greek transport sector. The suggested approach can offer valuable insight into the economies of scale and synergies associated with a particular transport investment. It is also extended to consider how such investment determinants as population concentration, economic growth, and political considerations at the prefecture level affect expenditure allocation to different types of transport infrastructure. The results indicate the statistical significance of scale effects of transport investment, substitution effects of road investment on other types of transport investment, and political factors on different types of transport investment. Airport investment relates to the most significant synergistic effects on expenditures in other types of public transport facilities. Thus, policy makers must take these fiscal externalities into account for the strategic planning and evaluation of infrastructure supply, and coordinate or subsidize public transport projects with significant positive externalities.

Data for US states showed that states with comparatively large child populations spend significantly less per child than states with smaller numbers of children. States with relatively large elderly populations spend slightly less on children. The effects of age structure on public expenditures on children are attributable to lower per capita incomes in states with higher dependency ratios. (Abstract amended)