Suchergebnisse

Several fungi species are reported to act as opportunistic agents of infection in avian species. After the isolation of Exophiala spp., a dematiaceous fungal pathogen associated with a mucosal lesion in a military macaw (Ara militar), samples were collected from another 24 birds of the order Psittaciformes to study the possibility of Exophiala spp. being part of the commensal microbiota of these animals or its possible association with other clinical conditions. Swab samples were collected from the trachea and/or choanae of the birds and inoculated in Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar for fungal isolation. After incubation, fungal species were identified through their macroscopic and microscopic morphology. The presence of Exophiala spp. was identified in 15 of the 25 birds sampled and no statistical association was found between the clinical record of the birds and the fungal isolation. Our results suggest that Exophiala spp. can colonize the upper respiratory airways of psittaciform birds and has a low pathogenic potential in these animals. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Exophiala spp. isolation from samples of the upper respiratory tract of Psittaciformes.

Eastern rosellas, Platycercus eximius, and pale-headed rosellas, P. adscitus, fed in single-species flocks of
generally less than five birds. Eastern rosellas fed in larger groups, particularly at ground level, and
showed greater seasonal and daily changes in flock sizes than pale-headed rosellas. These interspecific
differences are attributed to: (1) their feeding stations; (2) the social structure of each species; (3) the
relative degree of aridity of the study areas.

The galah, long-billed corella and red-tailed black cockatoo coexist throughout much of the northern
wheatbelt of Western Australia. Various aspects of the breeding biology of these species were studied at
Burakin and Three Springs in 1979. Laying began at the same time of year in all three, although the peak
was later and the length of the laying period longer for the red-tailed black cockatoo. Data are given on
clutch size, hatching success, nestling mortality, nestling period, fledging weight and productivity for each
species at both study sites. The only significant differences between study areas were that the fledging weight
and productivity of the galah were greater at Burakin than at Three Springs. Productivity was severely
reduced in the galah by an unidentified nestling disease, and in the red-tailed black cockatoo by high infertility
and nestling mortality of unknown cause. Between the species, incubation period and fledging period
increased with body size but clutch size decreased with body size.

A 15-ha plot of salmon gum woodland contained 241 hollows with an entrance diameter and depth exceeding 90 mm, in 173 trees, the majority (95%) in salmon gums. Occupancy of these hollows during the spring of 1978 was 47%; eight species of bird (six Psittaciformes, one Anseriformes and one Falconiformes) were involved. Galahs, corellas, red-tailed black cockatoos and Port Lincoln parrots were the most numerous hollow-nesting birds in the area; there were differences in the sizes of hollows they used, which were separable on entrance size and on inside diameter of the hollow 0.5 m below the entrance. There was a trend for hollow size to decrease in the order: red-tailed black cockatoos, corellas, galahs and Port Lincoln parrots. Red-tailed black cockatoos nested in more dead trees, or trees which were lower and had smaller canopies, than did the other three species. The woodland contained few young trees, trees were dying rapidly and there was no regeneration. This situation is typical for woodland throughout the agricultural area, and future prospects are discussed.

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas ; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas: CONICET-PIP 112-201501-0598 ; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica: FONCyT-PICT 2015-2281 ; Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets.

Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets. ; La lista completa de autores puede encontrarse en el archivo asociado. ; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

O tráfico de animais é uma ameaça à biodiversidade. Aproximadamente 82% dos animais contrabandeados são aves. Objetivou-se elaborar uma lista das espécies de aves traficadas no Brasil, evidenciando espécies ameaçadas. Para a busca de artigos foram utilizadas as bases de dados Web of Science e Google Scholar. Foram encontradas 45 publicações e 343 espécies oriundas do tráfico de animais. A ordem com maior riqueza é a dos Passeriformes, seguida pelos Psittaciformes. A família Thraupidae apresentou-se expressiva. 29 espécies possuem algum nível de ameaça: seis criticamente em perigo, cinco em perigo e 18 vulneráveis. Ações prioritárias para reduzir o impacto da atividade ilegal sobre essas espécies devem ser priorizadas. A identificação das espécies deve ser feita de modo criterioso, devem ser criados programas específicos para destinação das espécies ameaçadas e utilizadas metodologias genéticas e isótopos estáveis como ferramenta no combate ao tráfico. Educação ambiental e penas mais severas também são recomendadas.

Nature conservation and agricultural production may be considered as conflicting objectives, but for a wheat and sheep property in Western Australia they have been pivotal management objectives for the last 48 years. Koobabbie, a 7,173 ha property, has retained 41.5% of the original native vegetation, and is a designated Important Bird Area by BirdLife Australia, while still being an economically profitable agricultural enterprise. Since 1987 the owners of Koobabbie have kept detailed records of the avifauna of the property, and encouraged staff from government, non-government and academic organisations to conduct research and monitoring of the endangered Carnaby's Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris breeding on their property. In addition, they have instituted control programs for two over-abundant cockatoo species which compete with Carnaby's Cockatoo for nest sites, and for Feral Cats that are predators of nesting female Carnaby's Cockatoo and their offspring. This paper presents the results of research and monitoring from 2003-2013, during which seven artificial nesting hollows were erected, and former active nest hollows that had become derelict were repaired. By 2008, the number of breeding pairs on the property was at least 27, but two mass deaths of breeding females in 2009 and 2012 reduced the number of breeding pairs by 80%. This study illustrates the importance of monitoring conservation on private property, and raises a number of issues in relation to management of endangered species dependent on large hollow-bearing trees on private property.

Cover -- Guerrilla Warfare in the Corporate Jungle: Adaptations for Survival -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Corporate Jungle -- The Jungle -- The Emergent Layer -- The Canopy -- The Understory -- The Forest Floor -- The Corporate Jungle -- Security Layer -- Strategic Layer -- Service Layer -- Specialist Layer -- Fruits of the Jungle -- Corporate Ladder -- Chapter 2 Know Your Opponent -- The ID -- The Ego -- The Superego -- Personalities -- Amphibians -- Salamanders (Caudata) -- High Profile: Salamander: Mushroom-tongued Salamanders (Bolitoglossa) -- Frogs and Toads (Anura) -- Toads -- Caecilians (Apoda) -- Reptiles -- Snakes and Lizards (Squamites) -- Lizards (Squamata) -- Turtles and Tortoises (Testudines) -- Crocodiles, Alligators, and Caimans (Crocodilians) -- Birds -- Parrots (Psittaciformes) -- Songbirds: (Passennes) -- Pheasants, Peacocks, Chickens, and Turkeys (Galliformes) -- Birds of Prey -- Falcons (Falconiformes) -- Eagles and Vultures (Accipitriformes) -- Eagles -- Vultures -- High Profile: King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) -- Creepy Crawlies -- Spiders, Scorpions (Arachnids) -- Spiders -- Scorpions -- Trapping a Scorpion -- Centipedes, Millipedes (Myriapods) -- Ants (Formicidea) -- Bees (Apoidea) -- Wasps and Hornets (Vespa) -- Mosquitos and Flies (Diptera) -- Butterflies and Moths (Including Caterpillars) (Lepidoptera) -- Snails and Slugs (Gastropods) -- Fish -- Cartilaginous Fish: Sharks and Rays (Chondrichthyes) -- Sharks (Selachimorpha) -- Rays (Batoidea) -- Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) -- Piranha (Serrasalmidae) -- Mammals -- Rodents: Mice, Rats, Beavers (Rodentia) -- Bats (Chiroptera) -- Shrews and Hedgehogs (Eulipotyphla) -- Sloths and Anteaters (Pilosa) -- Anteaters -- Sloths -- Hoofed Animals (ungulates) -- Elephants (Elephantidae) -- Apes and Monkeys (Primates) -- Great Apes -- Lesser Apes -- Monkeys -- Prosimians.

The linear dimensions are presented of 302 eggs of 5 species of cockatoo (Cacatuidae : Psittaciformes)
occurring in the south-west of Western Australia: red-tailed black cockatoo, white-tailed black cockatoo,
long-billed corella, little corella and galah. Forty-four of the eggs were weighed throughout incubation
and, by means of the calculated regression lines for loss of weight on time of incubation, the weight
at laying of each of these eggs was determined. The weight constant Kw, was determined for each
egg by the formula: Kw= W/LB*2; its mean value was 0.554�0.015. Weights at laying of the entire
sample of eggs were calculated by use of this value of Kw, the daily loss of weight during incubation
was determined, and a general formula based on linear measurements and weight derived for determining
the stage of incubation of birds' eggs. This is:
T = [(KwLB*2) - Wt]/[a(KwLB*2)*b],
where T is the number of days of incubation; Wt is the known weight of the egg at time T; L, B
are the length and diameter of the egg in centimetres; and Kw, a and b are constants which may
be determined for the species studied (alternatively, general values may be substituted).

Aves vêm se tornando, a cada dia, animais mais requisitados como companhia aos seres humanos. A busca por atendimento clínico especializado e exames complementares a essas espécies tornou-se mais usual, entretanto, análises laboratoriais nesses animais ainda são rudimentares e pouco exploradas quando comparadas com cães e gatos. Dessa forma, no presente trabalho, objetivou-se mensurar as alterações mais frequentes de exames bioquímicos em aves não domésticas, relacionando com suas possíveis causas, além de demonstrar um panorama das espécies avaliadas. Assim, foram selecionados 110 exames bioquímicos realizados em Joinville – SC entre março de 2015 e março de 2019. Os exames foram separados por espécie e após, em uma segunda divisão, foram subdivididos por analito, com avaliação de valores acima e abaixo dos intervalos de referência. As ordens Psittaciforme e Passeriforme foram as mais prevalentes, tendo como maiores representantes, respectivamente, o papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) e o trinca-ferro (Saltator similis). Ácido úrico foi o analito mais presente, enquanto aspartato aminotransferase o menos. Colesterol foi o analito que demonstrou maior frequência de valores abaixo do intervalo de referência. Em contrapartida, creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase tiveram mais resultados acima da referência quando comparados com os outros analitos. Colesterol também foi o analito que mais apresentou valores alterados de forma geral. Denota-se a necessidade de maior realização de exames laboratoriais em aves, bem como uma investigação com maior abrangência de analitos.

Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are globally distributed birds that, together with members of the Columbiformes, represent the most susceptible animals, in regards to infection by Chlamydophila psittaci, which is an obligate, zoonotic, intracellular bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in domestic and wild birds and psittacosis in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of C. psittaci in Brazilian psittacids kept in conservation breeding sites in Pará State, Brazil. Cloacal and oropharynx swab samples were collected from 201 psittacids that were distributed among four breeding sites: Metropolitan Area of Belém (C1 and C2), Northeastern Pará (C3), and Low Amazon (C4). The samples were screened for C. psittaci using semi-nested PCR, and the resulting incidence data were analyzed using proportion and chi-square tests. Chlamydophila infection was confirmed for all the breeding sites, with an overall prevalence of 31.84%, and no species-specific predisposition was observed. Furthermore, 13.93% of the sampled birds eliminated the infectious agent by the cloaca, whereas 11.44% eliminated the agent by the oropharynx, and 6.47% eliminated the agent by both routes. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the incidence of Chlamydophila infection of breeding sites C2 and C3 (p=0.029), which yielded the smallest and largest number of diagnosed cases, respectively. In the present study, most of the birds (27.86%) were considered unapparent carriers of Chlamydophila infection, and only 3.98% of the birds yielded both a positive diagnosis and clinical signs of chlamydiosis.

Trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoan Trichomonas gallinae, has as main hosts birds of the Columbidae family, which have a high prevalence of the protozoan without manifesting the disease. The continuous growth of the pigeon population and its cosmopolitan nature mean that today there is a worldwide distribution of this species, being responsible for the distribution and maintenance of the prevalence of trichomoniasis in almost the entire world. The transmission of the disease may be by direct contact, or indirect, through food or water. This indirect route is the reason why such a wide range of bird orders can be infected, very different from columbids such as falconiformes, strigiformes, passerines, piciformes, psittaciformes, gruiformes, galliformes or anseriformes. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of T. gallinae in passerines received at a Wild Animal Screening Center. In order to carry out this study, 300 birds of the order Passerine corresponding to 23 different species were analyzed, received at the Wild Fauna Rehabilitation Center (NURFS) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), in different seasons of the year between the months of March to October 2021. Samples of swabs from the oropharynx were collected from all individuals, the material was immediately placed in a falcon tube containing Trypticase-Yeast Extract-Maltose (TYM) culture medium and sent to the Laboratory of Protozoology and Entomology (LAPEn), for incubation in a bacteriological growth greenhouse and subsequent identification of the protozoan on a slide in wet mounting under an optical microscope in a 40X objective. Wet mounting on a slide was performed in triplicate and analyzed in its entirety. Of the 300 birds evaluated in in vitro culture for T. gallinae, 25 had inconclusive results and were submitted to PCR analysis, being negative for T. gallinae. Although no positive Passeriformes was found, the monitoring of the occurrence of this protozoan must continue, as it is known that it may easily cause a possible epidemic, leading to losses for the wild fauna that has endangered birds.

Body mass and geographical range are two main drivers of diet in animals, yet how these factors influence diet in the morphologically and ecologically diverse avian group of Psittaciformes is little known. We reviewed current knowledge of the diet of Neotropical parrots and assessed the relation between diet (breadth and composition), phylogeny, body mass and geographical range. Diet has been documented for 98 of 165 species, but information is available only for 34 of 59 threatened species, and countries with high species diversity (> 20 species) had few studies (one to seven). Neotropical parrot species consumed 1293 plant species of 125 families. When assessing the relative frequency of different food items in the diet (seed, fruits, flowers, leaves, nectar, bark and stems), we found that parrots mostly exploited seeds (41.9%) and fruits (38.3%) of native species. Diet overlap was very low among genera (0.006–0.321). At the species level, geographical range and body size explained the variation in diet composition. In particular, small parrots of restricted distribution had a distinct diet composition relative to either large or widely distributed species. Although body size and geographical range showed phylogenetic inertia, diet was independent of phylogenetic history. Our review not only reveals ecological factors explaining diet in a generalist group but also exposes information gaps across the Neotropical region. ; Fil: Benavídez, Analía. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina ; Fil: Palacio, Facundo Xavier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico Zoología Vertebrados; Argentina ; Fil: Rivera, Luis Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina ; Fil: Echevarria, Ada Lilian. Fundacion Miguel Lillo. Direccion de Zoologia. Instituto de Vertebrados; Argentina ; Fil: Politi, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina