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SummaryPrunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc., a beautiful winter flowering tree with exquisite, scented flowers foretelling the arrival of spring, is illustrated; its introduction, horticultural merits and cultivation are discussed. It is native to southwest China and widely cultivated across East Asia both for its value as an ornamental tree and for its edible fruits.

Many plant processes depend on differential gene expression, which is generally controlled by complex proteins called transcription factors (TFs). In peach, 1533 TFs have been identified, accounting for about 5.5% of the 27,852 protein-coding genes. These TFs are the reference for the rest of the Prunus species. TF studies in Prunus have been performed on the gene expression analysis of different agronomic traits, including control of the flowering process, fruit quality, and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. These studies, using quantitative RT-PCR, have mainly been performed in peach, and to a lesser extent in other species, including almond, apricot, black cherry, Fuji cherry, Japanese apricot, plum, and sour and sweet cherry. Other tools have also been used in TF studies, including cDNA-AFLP, LC-ESI-MS, RNA, and DNA blotting or mapping. More recently, new tools assayed include microarray and high-throughput DNA sequencing (DNA-Seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). New functional genomics opportunities include genome resequencing and the well-known synteny among Prunus genomes and transcriptomes. These new functional studies should be applied in breeding programs in the development of molecular markers. With the genome sequences available, some strategies that have been used in model systems (such as SNP genotyping assays and genotyping-by-sequencing) may be applicable in the functional analysis of Prunus TFs as well. In addition, the knowledge of the gene functions and position in the peach reference genome of the TFs represents an additional advantage. These facts could greatly facilitate the isolation of genes via QTL (quantitative trait loci) map-based cloning in the different Prunus species, following the association of these TFs with the identified QTLs using the peach reference genome. ; This study has been supported by the projects AGL2010-16335 and AGL2013-43550-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness to MR and PMG and in part by the Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali–Italy (MiPAAF www.politicheagricole.it) through the project "DRUPOMICS" (grant DM14999/7303/08) to CB, LT, and IV. The authors would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Ministério da Educação (Brazil) for the fellowship (BEX9514/13-9) supporting the stay of VB in Spain. ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

This brief documents current knowledge about pygeum (Prunus africana). It aims to inform decision makers in governments in producing and consumer countries, international and civil society organisations and researchers, about sustainable (international) trade and governance of the species.

This paper reflects upon developments in capitalism of Prunus Africana within a theoretical framework of co-management critique. On the case of Mount Cameroon in Sub-Saharan West Africa, I argue processes of commercialization and socio-economic repercussions surrounding Prunus Africana: a plant that serves for treatment of prostatic diseases – interwoven with bureaucratic initiatives of sustainable management. By reviewing published literature, I argue the involvement of stakeholders in capitalist arrangements from the 1990s to periods following the establishment of Mount Cameroon National Park – significantly scrutinized by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), European Commission, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Major actors include Mount Cameroon Prunus Management Company (MOCAP) endorsed by the state; state subsidiaries Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) and Limbe Botanic Garden (LBG); collaborate buyers – Plantecam and Afriquia Medicament (AFRIMED); and Prunus Africana Harvesters' Unions in nearby villages. Analysis demonstrate benefits in sustainable harvesting of Prunus, whilst raising ontological concerns of resource-appropriation, elite control, unsatisfactory labour wages, and vulnerabilities of traditional ecological knowledge to commercialization.

26 Pag. The definitive version is available at: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ ; Background and Aims: In temperate woody perennials, flower bud development is halted during the winter, when the buds enter dormancy. This dormant period is a prerequisite for adequate flowering, is genetically regulated, and plays a clear role in possibly adapting species and cultivars to climatic areas. However, information on the biological events underpinning dormancy is lacking. Stamen development, with clear differentiated stages, appears as a good framework to put dormancy in a developmental context. Here, stamen developmental changes are characterized in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and are related to dormancy. Methods: Stamen development was characterized cytochemically from the end of August to March, over 4 years. Developmental changes were related to dormancy, using the existing empirical information on chilling requirements. Key Results: Stamen development continued during the autumn, and the flower buds entered dormancy with a fully developed sporogenous tissue. Although no anatomical changes were observed during dormancy, breaking of dormancy occurred following a clear sequence of events. Starch accumulated in particular places, pre-empting further development in those areas. Vascular bundles developed and pollen mother cells underwent meiosis followed by microspore development. Conclusions: Dormancy appears to mark a boundary between the development of the sporogenous tissue and the occurrence of meiosis for further microspore development. Breaking of dormancy occurs following a clear sequence of events, providing a developmental context in which to study winter dormancy and to evaluate differences in chilling requirements among genotypes. ; This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - European Regional Development Fund, European Union [Grant numbers: AGL2006-13529-CO2-00, AGL2009-12621-C02-00]; Gobierno de Aragón [Grupo de Excelencia de Aragón A- 43]; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Agroalimentaria [Doctoral fellowship INIA2003-8 to C.J.]. ; Peer reviewed

Dormancy is a strategy of woody perennials to survive to cold winter temperatures, but is also a requisite for proper flowering, with chilling requirements specific for each cultivar. ; Financial support for this research was provided by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) - European Regional Development Fund, European Union (AGL2012-40239 and BES- 2010-037992 to E. F.); Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA) (RFP2012-00017-C03, RTA2014-00085-00); Gobierno de Aragón - European Social Fund, European Union (Grupo Consolidado A-43).

This report is aimed at trainers and support organisations for farmers and tree owners, as well as commercial tree nursery operators, government extension agencies and NGOs, among others, who are interested in cultivating the pygeum tree.

This study aimed to measure the leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD 502 Plus) in three peach cultivars grafted on different clonal rootstocks, totaling 68 scion/rootstock combinations, between five and nine months after planting in the field to determine possible graft incompatibility symptoms in Prunus spp. Three field trials with peach scion cultivars 'BRS-Kampai', 'Jade', and 'Maciel' grafted on 18, 25, and 25 clonal rootstocks, respectively, were established in July and August 2014. Own-rooted scion trees (without rootstock) were used as controls in each trial and all rootstocks were propagated from herbaceous cuttings. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and each plot consisting of a single plant. Three SPAD measurements were taken between January and April 2015. SPAD index values for rootstocks 'Mirabolano 29C' (P. cerasifera) and 'Marianna 2624' (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana) were significantly lower in the three scion cultivars, culminating with tree death from graft incompatibility. Rootstocks 'Mirabolano 29C' and 'Marianna 2624' showed translocated graft incompatibility with scion cultivars BRS-Kampai, Jade, and Maciel and tree death was preceded by a reduction in SPAD index values five months after field planting. No reduction in SPAD index values was observed in the other scion/rootstock combinations nine months after planting, but these combinations should be monitored for a longer period to confirm their graft compatibility.

Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health addressed the pest categorisation of the viruses and viroids of Prunus L. determined as being either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous EFSA opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. With the exclusion of Ilarvirus S1 and Ilarvirus S2, for which very limited information exists, the pest categorisation was completed for 26 viruses and 1 viroid having acknowledged identities and available detection methods. All these viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative plant propagation techniques, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for long-distance dispersal and thus considered as the major pathway for entry. Depending on the virus, additional pathway(s) can also be Prunus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here are known to infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Apple scar skin viroid, American plum line pattern virus, cherry mottle leaf virus, cherry rasp leaf virus, cherry rosette virus, cherry rusty mottle-associated virus, cherry twisted leaf-associated virus, peach enation virus, peach mosaic virus, peach rosette mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, apricot vein clearing virus, Asian prunus virus 1, Asian prunus virus 2, Asian prunus virus 3, Caucasus prunus virus, cherry virus B, Mume virus A, nectarine stem pitting-associated virus, nectarine virus M, peach chlorotic mottle virus, peach leaf pitting-associated virus, peach virus D, prunus virus F and prunus virus T satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential Union QPs. Prunus geminivirus A does not meet the criterion of having negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, especially those recently discovered, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties mainly because of the absence of data on their biology, distribution and impact. Since this opinion addresses specifically the non-EU viruses, in general these viruses do not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests. (C) 2019 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

ABSTRACTThis article explores the contradictions that have emerged along the commodity chain of the endangered medicinal tree Prunus africana in Madagascar. The study provides a unique opportunity to build on theories of access, highlighting in particular the themes of social relations, culture and power in mediating access to natural resources and benefits that derive from commercialization. Commodity chain analysis is employed to illustrate that property rights, based solely on formal rights, legal claims or customary rights to 'natural commodities' are insufficient to measure who is able to gain and maintain access to the species. The results show that power, regulation and exclusion have a much greater impact on who is able to tap into the benefits of P. africana commercialization. This article illustrates how extraction firms in Madagascar have over the years finessed their way, through 'green conditionalities' or conservation concessions, into continued extraction of P. africana — all in the face of widespread regulation.