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Professionalism and bureaucracy tend to be understood as incompatible systems of work organization, represented by the ideals of collegiality and auton-omy versus control and supervision. I present a historical case study from early 20th century Norway examining the potential clash between efforts made toward professionalization and bureaucratization in industry. Based on my findings, I argue that there is neither an inherent conflict between professionalism and bureaucracy nor static national trajectories at the level of professional versus bureaucratic work organization.

Professional autonomy is critical for nursing practice and professional development. A clear understanding of the professional autonomy concept and its applications in the real world is warranted. This paper clarified the "professional autonomy in nursing" concept using Walker and Avant's method and the PRISMA flowchart and checklist to conduct the current analysis. Five electronic databases were searched: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Web of Science, and CINAHL Plus with Full Text. The search yielded 21 articles on "professional autonomy in nursing" between 2019 and 2023—however, six old articles related to measurement tools or instruments. The elements that characterize "professional autonomy in nursing" fall into four categories: shared leadership, professional skills, inter- and intra-professional collaboration, and a healthy work environment. Professional autonomy in nursing is defined as the professional nurse's competency and innovative performance to determine independent or interdependently nursing activities while conserving accountability for decisions and reflecting advocacy and caring. The consequences of the concept are positive outcomes such as high patient satisfaction with provided care, nurses' accountability, empowerment, a sense of self-efficacy, commitment to the profession, career, and organization, as well as high quality of work. The definitions and measurements of "professional autonomy in nursing" have developed over time, which mandates a continued study and analysis of this concept. It is essential to understand the multidimensional nature of the concept in order to offer professional development programs.

Intro -- Half Title Page -- Series List -- Full Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Appendix D -- References -- Index.

One of the points on which researchers agree is the centrality of autonomy to professionalism. Moreover, a common conclusion in the studies of professions is that the profound changes in society over the last fifty years have threatened the autonomy and changed the archetype of professionalism. This paper contributes to the research on changes and continuities, challenges and opportunities for professionalism by discussing advantages and disadvantages of restricted professional autonomy. By describing the historical development in the Swedish and Canadian healthcare context, two major findings are discussed. First, although medical professionals have been subjected to certain constraints, they still appear to maintain a relatively high level of autonomy concerning the technical content of the work. Second, restricting professional autonomy is not negative merely due to the preservation of the professional archetype; rather, a «reasonable» limitation can be positive if professional autonomy is understood as a contract based on public trust.

Political leaders in many countries have experienced growing problems of capacity in the postwar period, a development leading to an increase in the delegation of authority to public administration and civil servants. This delegation of authority creates a significant potential for discretionary decision‐making authority on the part of public bureaucrats. One way of studying how bureaucrats handle this situation is to focus upon bureaucratic roles. Bureaucratic roles traditionally contain both political and professional norms. This article discusses how these political and professional considerations can be defined and how these norms are balanced given the potential for conflict which is present. The discussion is illustrated by measuring the perception of bureaucratic norms and role enactment among civil servants in Norwegian ministries. Results indicate that civil servants appear to have few problems in attending to and balancing both political and professional role norms.