Suchergebnisse

Abstract
While the functioning of the postal system in Iran before 1500 and after 1800 has been studied, this article analyzes, based entirely on primary sources, the operation and characteristics of the Iranian postal system between 1500 and 1800 for the very first time. Such a study enables scholars to better understand the functioning of communication between both government officials and private individuals in Safavid, Afshari, and Zand Iran. During this time, there were two types of messengers: express-mounted couriers (chapar) for official business and foot messengers (shaters) for both official and private mail. The designation of qased was rarely used to denote mail foot messengers.

Catherine May describes the need for reform of the U.S. Postal Service due to its inability to function in a timely and efficient manner.

Second-class mail rates are available only to publications that distribute one- half or more of all circulated copies either to paying subscribers or to persons who have requested that the publication be sent to them. A publication that distributes more than half of its copies free of charge to persons who have not specifically requested copies must pay the higher third-class rate. As a result, the lower rate is denied to many community newspapers and to publications designed to win converts to a political cause or religious faith. This article argues that the Postal Service's unequal treatment of publications without subscribers infringes those publications' first amendment rights. Part I argues that the publications have the right under the first amendment to use the postal system. That right is infringed by the imposition of higher postage rates for certain categories of mail. Part II argues that strict scrutiny should be applied to the regulations because they discriminate on the basis of content. Applying strict scrutiny to the discriminatory rates, Part II concludes that they violate the first amendment.

the origins and early evolution of the modern Japanese postal system "Making use of private energies" -- postwar commissioned postmasters and the politics of self-preservation Public servants with private interests -- the view from inside The commissioned postmasters -- The postwar postal regime and the failure of reform -- the Hashimoto reforms Setting the stage -- Koizumi Jun'Ichiro and the politics of postal privatization -- the revenge of the postal regime Conclusion -- Reference matter -- Works cited -- Index

Between 1810 and 1830, thousands of Americans joined in a moral crusade to protest the complicity of the federal government in a practice they deemed offensive to God. The protesters were Sabbatarians, and their goal was to prevent the federal government from desecrating the Sabbath by requiring that the mails be transported and the post offices open to the public seven days a week. This essay seeks to restore Sabbatarianism to its rightful place in the history of American political culture. To understand why so many Americans objected to the Sabbath mails, one must take their protest seriously as a reform movement, paying close attention to its origins, to the protesters' grievance, and to the political, economic, and cultural setting within which it occurred.