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Children who experience political violence and wars are vulnerable to different sorts of psychological reactions. Unfortunately, cultural constraints and the stigma attached to therapy may prevent these children from receiving needed treatment. This study presents a case of a child with PTSD where a single subject design was used to measure treatment outcomes. The design enabled the social worker to assess, monitor and measure the course of treatment. The advantages of applying the design in clinical intervention in other cultures are highlighted.

Abstract
Many veterans coping with combat-post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refrain from seeking psychological treatment. We explored the nature of illness recognition and treatment utilisation in two different cultural groups of Israeli veterans—Bedouin and Jewish. Using qualitative research methods, we interviewed twenty veterans dealing with PTSD (ten Bedouin and ten Jewish) and ten mental health professionals. Participants shared their experiences of symptoms, the ways they coped, and their perception of the costs and benefits of psychological treatment. Two main themes emerged: (i) 'Veterans' Perceptions of Their Mental Injury'. In stark contrast to their Jewish counterparts, Bedouin participants described extreme lack of understanding regarding the relationship between their exposure to combat trauma and their distress; (ii) 'Veterans' Perceptions of the Mental Health Services'. Bedouin veterans expressed fear of the stigma associated with PTSD and its detrimental social implications, for them and their families. Jewish veterans emphasised the beneficial and informative role of therapy. The findings underscore the impact of different cultural codes on help-seeking behaviours and on the ability to benefit from psychological treatment. It is recommended that mental health practitioners consider cultural backgrounds and individual differences when implementing trauma interventions, to fine-tune their suitability to veterans facing excessive barriers to care.

Psychic trauma is as old as mankind itself, but it is still not fully understood how or why the exposure to single or multiple horrific events can overwhelm some people to the extent that they are haunted day and night by the terrible things they have witnessed. Most will recover spontaneously, but others become victims of the most common psychological disorder stemming from such an experience: post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is estimated that 8% of the Western population suffer from this disorder, and that 40% of them will continue to suffer from symptoms even ten years after the tr

Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBIs) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are two of the signature wounds of war. Due to the advances in technology the survival rates are higher than in previous wars, however, the weaponry has changed. The world has seen an increase in the use of suicide bombs, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and rocket propelled grenades (RPGs) which increases the number of blast related injuries. One of the major problems with blast related injuries is that they can be invisible to the naked eye. The lack of physical evidence suggests the soldier is not injured and can be sent back into battle, when there could be an undetected internal injury. Due to the overlap in symptoms, many soldiers are being treated for PTSD instead of mTBI, which can cause long-term damage. In order to shed light on this issue, this thesis evaluates 2007-2008 active duty medical costs to determine the costs the PTSD and mTBI. The findings suggest that mTBI and PTSD account for .53% and 1.8%, respectively, of the 2008 population data sample. While this may seem like a small percentage this was only two months of data. However, it is important to properly diagnose mTBI and PTSD because these illnesses could cost the military member thousands of dollars in out of pocket medical costs.

Prevention and treatment of PTSD are carried out through the use of effective practices of modern medical rehabilitation centers and rational state policy aimed at overcoming this mass phenomenon. The article examines modern tools and means that help to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder and its negative consequences for the social environment and the population. The key aim of the article is to provide effective principles for the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder based on international experience. The article presents the current state of development of this disease and characterizes the main trends that contribute to the spread of post-traumatic stress disorder. In particular, the analysis makes it possible to characterize the results of the study from the perspective of the exercise and realization of public power in the field of social protection and health care. Attention is paid to the issue of financing the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as possible practices for overcoming this disease through the development of medical infrastructure. The article examines the main symptoms and root causes of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as possible directions of its development. The analysis of treatment practices and possible prospects for overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized from the standpoint of ensuring the development of human capital and stabilization of the social environment as a result of the massive spread of post-traumatic stress disorder. The results of the study can be used by specialized institutions, private psychologists, and specialists who aim to treat post-traumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality risk. Neither the prospective relationship of PTSD to incident hypertension risk nor the effect of PTSD treatment on hypertension risk has been established. METHODS: Data from a nationally representative sample of 194,319 veterans were drawn from the Veterans Administration (VA) roster of United States service men and women. This included veterans whose end of last deployment was from September 2001 to July 2010 and whose first VA medical visit was from October 1, 2001 to January 1, 2009. Incident hypertension was modeled as 3 events: (1) a new diagnosis of hypertension and/or (2) a new prescription for antihypertensive medication, and/or (3) a clinic blood pressure reading in the hypertensive range (≥140/90 mm Hg, systolic/diastolic). Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis was the main predictor. Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment was defined as (1) at least 8 individual psychotherapy sessions of 50 minutes or longer during any consecutive 6 months and/or (2) a prescription for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication. RESULTS: Over a median 2.4-year follow-up, the incident hypertension risk independently associated with PTSD ranged from hazard ratio (HR), 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.17; p < .0001) to HR, 1.30 (95% CI, 1.26-1.34; p < .0001). The interaction of PTSD and treatment revealed that treatment reduced the PTSD-associated hypertension risk (e.g., from HR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.38-1.50; p < .0001] for those untreated, to HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.15-1.25; p < .0001] for those treated). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that reducing the long-term health impact of PTSD and the associated costs may require very early surveillance and treatment.

Sleep disturbances are often referred to as the hallmark of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Although PTSD is prevalent in refugees, studies on sleep disturbances in trauma-affected refugees are scarce. This article presents the results of two studies: a systematic review of the literature on treatment of sleep disturbances in adult trauma-affected refugees and a study of the role of sleep disturbances in the PTSD symptom structure. Study 1, the literature review, identified five studies on treatment of sleep disturbances: four studies were on pharmacological treatment and one study on music therapy. The identified studies had small sample sizes and few carried out statistical analysis. It was not possible from the available literature to recommend any specific treatment of sleep disturbances. In Study 2, a clinical sample of 752 refugees, fulfilling criteria for PTSD and enrolled in treatment at the Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Denmark, completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) before and after treatment. To determine item discrimination, the data was tested with a Rasch model. 99.1% reported trouble sleeping and 98.7% reported recurrent nightmares. The Rasch analysis displayed fit residuals of 0.05 for trouble sleeping and –1.16 for nightmares, indicating sufficient discrimination. Trouble sleeping and nightmares proved important parts of the HTQ response structure. This study indicates that sleep disturbances are a prominent part of the PTSD symptom structure in refugees but that research on treatment of sleep disturbances is limited. Further research on sleep disturbances in trauma-affected refugees is therefore needed.

There is insufficient data on the accuracy of administrative coding data (ACD) for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Medical records were reviewed for (1) a diagnosis of PTSD; (2) treatment for PTSD. The records were compared against the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data in order to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of three commonly used approaches. The PPV and NPV varied according to the ACD approach. Relative to a medical records review, the ACD approach of one or two PTSD coded outpatient encounters had a PPV of 78% and an NPV of 91%; whereas the PPV was 97% and the NPV was 98% for three or more PTSD codes. For pharmacotherapy, the ACD approach with one or two codes for PTSD had a PPV of 33% (NPV = 93%), whereas three or more PTSD coded encounters improved the PPV to 85% (NPV = 100%). When using VHA data, we recommend tailoring the identification strategy according to the research aims. An ACD approach identifying one or more PTSD outpatient encounters should be considered sufficient for a diagnosis of PTSD. Assessments for PTSD associated pharmacotherapy require using an ACD approach that identifies veterans with the presence ≥ 3 outpatient PTSD encounters. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

The book combines for the first time attachment theory, regulation attachment therapy, and the intergenerational transmission of trauma, showing how the clinical therapeutic process of ""going beyond trauma"" may result in forgiveness of past relationships and other reparatory practices in which self and other, both internal and external, are integrated and reconnected, opening the subject to creativity and new meaning in life.From early relational trauma to abuse and neglect, to massive social trauma such as war and genocide, the most recent psychoanalytic theories on trauma highlight the rel

Abstract Psychotrauma occurs as a result to a traumatic event, which may involve witnessing someone's actual death or personally experiencing serious physical injury, assault, rape and sexual abuse, being held as a hostage, or a threat to physical or psychological integrity. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder and was defined in the past as railway spine, traumatic war neurosis, stress syndrome, shell shock, battle fatigue, combat fatigue, or post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS). If untreated, post-traumatic stress disorder can impair relationships of those affected and strain their families and society. Deployed soldiers are especially at a high risk to be affected by PTSD but often receive inadequate treatment. Reviews to date have focused only on a single type of treatment or groups of soldiers from only one country. The aim of the current review was to evaluate characteristics of therapeutic methods used internationally to treat male soldiers' PTSD after peacekeeping operations in South Eastern Europe and the Gulf wars. This systematic literature review returned results pertaining to the symptoms, diagnosis, timing and effectiveness of treatment. Sample groups and controls were relatively small and, therefore, the results lack generalizability. Further research is needed to understand the influence and unique psychological requirements of each specific military operation on the internationally deployed soldiers.

'At last we have a book that provides a comprehensive overview and assessment of the intersubjective turn in psychoanalysis, showing its logical and clinical limitations and exploring its social and cultural determinants. Bohleber emphasizes the clinical importance of real traumatic experience along with the analysis of the transference as he reviews and broadens psychoanalytic theories of memory in relation to advances in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Psychoanalytic ideas on personality, adolescence and identity are re-thought and updated. Bohleber brilliantly presents a unique understanding of malignant narcissism and prejudice in relation to European anti-Semitism and to contemporary religiously inspired terrorist violence.'- Cyril Levitt, Dr Phil, Professor and former Chair Department of Sociology, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario. Psychoanalyst in private practice, Toronto, Ontario.

This paper provided a comprehensive overview of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is a severe mental health condition after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. PTSD is marked by persistent, distressing recollections of the traumatic incident, which includes flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety, along with uncontrollable thoughts about the event. This paper discussed the various etiology, manifestation and treatments associated with PTSD. Key symptoms are outlined, aligning with the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis. Treatment options, including psychotherapy and medication, are explored, alongside the challenges faced in treatment accessibility and effectiveness. Additionally, this paper delves into emerging research in PTSD, exploring new therapeutic approaches and
future directions in understanding and managing the disorder. This overview aims to shed light on the complexities of PTSD, advocating for increased awareness and support for those affected by this challenging mental health condition. Future studies should delve into the mechanisms of PTSD and try developing more effective therapies