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"Political Exclusion in Africa" published on by Oxford University Press.

Why do members of some ethnic groups rebel against the state? One approach holds that groups subject to exclusion from national politics engage in armed conflict. We theorize that the presence of resource wealth moderates the effect of political exclusion. Ethnic groups subject to exclusion whose settlement area includes oil wealth are more likely to experience the onset of armed conflict than groups experiencing exclusion alone. We depart from the convention of cross-national analysis to examine subnational, geocoded units of analysis—ethnic group settlement areas—to better capture the impact of natural resource distribution. Using data on ethnic group political exclusion derived from the Ethnic Power Relations database and geo-coded indicators, we conduct a series of logistic regression analyses for the years 1946 to 2005. We find that exclusion alone increase the likelihood of conflict, while the presence of oil wealth further raises the risk of war.

Based on primary and secondary sources, this paper attempts to ascertain the underlying patterns and themes of women's political participation and their levels of inclusion or exclusion from the political process. A balance sheet of gender participation in formal politics reveals that there has been marked increase in voting turnout and election campaigning among women although they still continue to be excluded from legislative bodies at national and state level and deprived from key decision making positions in government and political parties. Field-based research shows 'interest in polities' as the key determinant and one of the best predictors of women's levels of political participation. Among other factors that seem to determine the intensity of women's formal participation in politics, 'media exposure'-proxy for awareness-emerges as important variable. The key areas that need to be addressed for improving political participation of women and inclusion in the political process are affirmative action, better representation in legislative bodies and political parties, particularly in the decision making bodies as well as cabinet berths in government at centre and state level in partnership with civil society.

Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo investigar os mecanismos por trás da exclusão feminina da política brasileira. O estudo propõe uma lente analítica para identificar diferentes momentos onde a exclusão das mulheres da política ocorre, elaborada através de um extenso levantamento da literatura que cobre o campo no Brasil e em outros países. As disputas eleitorais para o cargo de Deputado Federal entre os anos de 2006 e 2018 foram usadas como casos para a investigação. Valendo-se de uma análise quantitativa, o estudo aponta que, no momento da eleição, há um déficit de candidaturas femininas competitivas em proporção às masculinas. Esta desproporcionalidade pode estar diretamente vinculada à baixa proporção de mulheres eleitas e é fruto, principalmente, da baixa quantidade de potenciais candidaturas femininas competitivas disponíveis para recrutamento dos partidos e à menores taxas de competitividade e recrutamento entre mulheres casadas. Desigualdades estruturais provavelmente atuam na supressão da oferta de candidaturas femininas competitivas antes mesmo delas se colocarem à disposição para recrutamento. Medidas que fomentem maiores e melhores experiências eleitorais entre as mulheres e que consigam romper com estereótipos de gênero que determinam uma divisão sexual do trabalho podem ser fundamentais para aumentar a presença feminina na política brasileira. ; This doctoral dissertation aims to investigate the mechanisms behind female exclusion from Brazilian politics. The study proposes an analytical lens to identify different moments where the exclusion of women from politics occurs, elaborated through an extensive survey of the literature that covers the field in Brazil and other countries. Electoral disputes for the position of Federal Deputy between the years 2006 and 2018 were used as cases for the investigation. Using a quantitative analysis, the study points out that, at the time of the election, there is a deficit of competitive female candidates in proportion to male candidates. This ...