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Early Greek ethics embodied in Cretan and Spartan mores, served as a model
for Plato`s political theory. Plato theorized the contents of early Greek
ethics, aspiring to justify and revitalize the fundamental principles of a
traditional view of the world. However, according to Plato`s new insight,
deed is further from the truth than a thought i.e. theory. The dorian model
had to renounce its position to the perfect prototype of a righteous state,
which is a result of the inner logic of philosophical theorizing in early
Greek ethics. Prototype and model of philosophical reflection, in comparison
to philosophical theory, becomes minor and deficient. Philosophical
theorizing of early Greek ethics philosophically formatted Greek heritage,
initiating substantial changes to the content of traditional ethics.
Replacement of the myth with ontology, as a new foundation of politics,
transformed early Greek ethics in various relevant ways.

The objective of this paper is to analyze Islamic teaching to promote market competition. It is important to analyze these Islamic teachings because the Islamic teachings provide a different approach and better than the conventional approach to promoting market competition. There are three Islamic teachings in promoting market competition. The first is motivating and encouraging sellers to compete continuously, the second is rejecting a state price and market mechanism intervention and the third is banning all the unfair transactions. All of the teachings will promote market competition. Sellers as the main participants of the competition intend to compete continuously and fairly. They will compete continuously with each other because motivated and encouraged to do so. The continuous competition will depend on sellers' competency to compete because they cannot exploit government intervention. Also, they will compete fairly because all the unfair transactions are banned comprehensively and immediately. These Islamic teachings promote market competition, on one side, show that Islamic teachings are different and better than the conventional approach in handling competition to be a continuous and fair competition, and in the other side, show that a competitive market is not an imaginary one.

The aim of this contribution is to make some points on the distinction between 'perfect' (or equal) and 'imperfect' (or unequal) bicameralism and its relevance to contemporary discussions about second chambers and their constitutional position. The analysis starts with an assumption that this distinction is somehow under-theorised. The distinction between perfect and imperfect bicameralism, finally resulting in a clear prevalence of the latter, mainly focuses on two aspects: the exercise of legislative function and, in parliamentary regimes, the confidence vote. In spite of the unquestionable relevance of these two components to the activity of parliaments, these analyses are incomplete. The functions and competences of a given second chamber depend on the way it represents pluralism: the weight that each legal system attaches to the representative role of its own second chamber decisively shapes the perimeter of their functions. Important evidence for validating this claim comes from the procedures for passing constitutional amendments, in which second chambers, even in a number of 'unequal' bicameral systems, are put on equal footing with first chambers.

Abstract
The aim of this contribution is to make some points on the distinction between 'perfect' (or equal) and 'imperfect' (or unequal) bicameralism and its relevance to contemporary discussions about second chambers and their constitutional position. The analysis starts with an assumption that this distinction is somehow under-theorised. The distinction between perfect and imperfect bicameralism, finally resulting in a clear prevalence of the latter, mainly focuses on two aspects: the exercise of legislative function and, in parliamentary regimes, the confidence vote. In spite of the unquestionable relevance of these two components to the activity of parliaments, these analyses are incomplete. The functions and competences of a given second chamber depend on the way it represents pluralism: the weight that each legal system attaches to the representative role of its own second chamber decisively shapes the perimeter of their functions. Important evidence for validating this claim comes from the procedures for passing constitutional amendments, in which second chambers, even in a number of 'unequal' bicameral systems, are put on equal footing with first chambers.

Abstract The aim of this contribution is to make some points on the distinction between 'perfect' (or equal) and 'imperfect' (or unequal) bicameralism and its relevance to contemporary discussions about second chambers and their constitutional position. The analysis starts with an assumption that this distinction is somehow under-theorised. The distinction between perfect and imperfect bicameralism, finally resulting in a clear prevalence of the latter, mainly focuses on two aspects: the exercise of legislative function and, in parliamentary regimes, the confidence vote. In spite of the unquestionable relevance of these two components to the activity of parliaments, these analyses are incomplete. The functions and competences of a given second chamber depend on the way it represents pluralism: the weight that each legal system attaches to the representative role of its own second chamber decisively shapes the perimeter of their functions. Important evidence for validating this claim comes from the procedures for passing constitutional amendments, in which second chambers, even in a number of 'unequal' bicameral systems, are put on equal footing with first chambers.

AbstractThe moral responsibility theory of corporate sustainability argues that the extent of corporations' commitment toward sustainable development depends on how they perceive sustainability within the moral spectrum – from perfect to imperfect duties. This study assessed consumers' perceptions toward corporate sustainability and whether the moral spectrum toward corporate sustainability exists. After reviewing the corporate sustainability reports of 22 consumer product companies considered sustainable, 44 unique sustainable business activities were identified. These activities were then tested by a national sample of 271 US consumers. The results showed that participants perceived working conditions and environmental support activities to be the most important corporate duties (or perfect duties), followed by community development and transparency enhancement activities (or imperfect duties). This study also found differences in perceptions according to participants' demographic characteristics. These findings add knowledge to the area of corporate moral responsibility, and help firms have a clear understanding of consumers' expectations on corporate moral responsibility toward sustainable development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment