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Summary. The purpose of the study is to research the causes, nature, and features of the socio-political activity of the Ukrainian peasantry in 1917. Research methodology. The study is based on the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness, objectivity, and systematicity. During the study of this topic, the authors used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, elements of the statistical method) and special-historical (problem-chronological, historical-typological, historical-systemic) research methods. The scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of the thesis concerning the fact that the peasantry became an active subject of socio-political processes in 1917 in Ukraine. Conclusions. The changes that took place in early 1917 in the political life of the state became a catalyst for the active actions of the peasantry, which required radical changes in land tenure/land use. The agrarian problem worsened during 1905–1907 and in 1917 detonated an explosion of socio-political activity of the peasantry. It was expressed in the speeches of the peasantry, the organization of peasant congresses, the creation of peasant organizations, the involvement of workers and soldiers in speeches, etc. During 1917 the socio-political activity of the peasantry underwent changes. The end of 1917 was marked by its strengthening, which forced the government to take into account the needs of the peasantry as an active participant in the socio-political life of the state. ; Анотація. Мета дослідження – з՚ясувати причини, сутність та особливості суспільно-політичної активності українського селянства в 1917 р. Методологія дослідження. Дослідження спирається на принципи історизму, всебічності, об'єктивності та системності. Під час вивченні цієї теми авторами застосовано загальнонаукові (аналіз, синтез, елементи статистичного методу) та спеціально-історичні (проблемно-хронологічний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методи дослідження. Наукова новизна полягає в обґрунтуванні тези стосовно того, що активним суб'єктом суспільно-політичних процесів у 1917 р. в Україні стало селянство. Висновки. Зміни, що відбулися на початку 1917 р. у політичному житті держави, стали каталізатором до активних дій селянства. Селяни вимагали кардинальних змін у землеволодінні/землекористуванні. Аграрна проблема загострилися протягом 1905–1907 рр. і у 1917 р. здетонувала вибух суспільно-політичної активності селянства. Вона виражалася у виступах селянства, організації селянських з'їздів, створенні селянських організацій, залученні до виступів робітників та солдат тощо. Протягом 1917 р. суспільно-політична активність селянства зазнавала змін. Кінець 1917 р. позначився її посиленням, що змусило уряд брати до уваги його потреби як активного учасника суспільно-політичного життя держави.

Summary. The purpose of the study is to research the causes, nature, and features of the socio-political activity of the Ukrainian peasantry in 1917. Research methodology. The study is based on the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness, objectivity, and systematicity. During the study of this topic, the authors used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, elements of the statistical method) and special-historical (problem-chronological, historical-typological, historical-systemic) research methods. The scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of the thesis concerning the fact that the peasantry became an active subject of socio-political processes in 1917 in Ukraine. Conclusions. The changes that took place in early 1917 in the political life of the state became a catalyst for the active actions of the peasantry, which required radical changes in land tenure/land use. The agrarian problem worsened during 1905–1907 and in 1917 detonated an explosion of socio-political activity of the peasantry. It was expressed in the speeches of the peasantry, the organization of peasant congresses, the creation of peasant organizations, the involvement of workers and soldiers in speeches, etc. During 1917 the socio-political activity of the peasantry underwent changes. The end of 1917 was marked by its strengthening, which forced the government to take into account the needs of the peasantry as an active participant in the socio-political life of the state. ; Анотація. Мета дослідження – з՚ясувати причини, сутність та особливості суспільно-політичної активності українського селянства в 1917 р. Методологія дослідження. Дослідження спирається на принципи історизму, всебічності, об'єктивності та системності. Під час вивченні цієї теми авторами застосовано загальнонаукові (аналіз, синтез, елементи статистичного методу) та спеціально-історичні (проблемно-хронологічний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методи дослідження. Наукова новизна полягає в обґрунтуванні тези стосовно того, що активним суб'єктом суспільно-політичних процесів у 1917 р. в Україні стало селянство. Висновки. Зміни, що відбулися на початку 1917 р. у політичному житті держави, стали каталізатором до активних дій селянства. Селяни вимагали кардинальних змін у землеволодінні/землекористуванні. Аграрна проблема загострилися протягом 1905–1907 рр. і у 1917 р. здетонувала вибух суспільно-політичної активності селянства. Вона виражалася у виступах селянства, організації селянських з'їздів, створенні селянських організацій, залученні до виступів робітників та солдат тощо. Протягом 1917 р. суспільно-політична активність селянства зазнавала змін. Кінець 1917 р. позначився її посиленням, що змусило уряд брати до уваги його потреби як активного учасника суспільно-політичного життя держави.

In large parts of the developing world, peasant to industrial worker and rural to urban transition is a huge question mark on the face of the political economies of these societies. In India alone, nearly seventy percent of its 1.2 billion population lives in rural areas dependent on agriculture and allied activities. Though the context is different, the magnitude of the transition is similar in present day China. In many parts of Latin America and Africa, this transition is incomplete. Rural populations continue to persist, even in the times of globalisation - a so called shrinking world - an

In response to recent trends in migration and remittances, many home-country governments have created new agencies that we call diaspora engagement institutions (DEI) intended to address migrant issues. In developing countries, DEI policies often direct migrant money and attention to funding and founding new businesses back home. In this paper, we ask whether and when those DEIs are effective. Grounding our explanation in social exchange and social identity theories, we propose that DEIs are more effective when they promote a stronger sense of home-country belonging and reciprocal giving among migrants. Using evidence from panel data analysis of 35 countries observed from 2001 to 2010, we find partial support for our predictions.

Business development and utilization of indigenous resources is directly linked with the level of economic growth of any society. Globalization and innovation have made it challenging for developing countries to keep pace of business development to attain sustainable levels of economic growth. Developing counties are faced with the problems of non-conducive external business environment, complex business registration and taxation systems, scarcity of finance, technological support and logistics, and lack of managerial skills and financial advice. Enhancing entrepreneurial effectuation can enable the entrepreneurs of developing countries to successfully create such businesses that are not only efficient in resources utilization but also have a competitive outlook. Effectuation theory is best suited to the environment of developing countries as it enables the entrepreneurs to undertake affordable losses and in the face of uncertainty, create strategic partnerships and use the contingencies to their benefit. In order to achieve this end, the governments in developing countries can play a role of insurer and confidence booster for those entrepreneurs that can create value to the indigenous resources and create employment and competitiveness.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth for a panel of 40 developing countries for the period 1990 2012 with a focus on a comparative analysis between Morocco and the panel. The variables used are real GDP, budget deficit, current government spending, national saving, inflation rate, total investment, public debt and current account balance. The main findings are: First, there is evidence of a double threshold effect of the fiscal balance. When exceeding a budget deficit level of 4.8% of GDP or a fiscal surplus level of 3.2% of GDP, economic growth is negatively affected. Second, the sign of the relationship between budget deficit and economic growth is conditioned by the level of total investment. For values of total investment higher than 23%, it follows that there is a positive relationship. However, it becomes negative, when investment falls below this threshold. Third, from Moroccos perspective, analysis of threshold effects suggested that above 4.8% of budget deficit, average growth rate falls by 2.1%, while median growth falls by 1.5%.

This volume explores the interactions between economic and political reform in developing countries and eastern Europe. Over the past decade there have been significant moves both towards economic reform - essentially involving a greater role for the market and a lesser role for the state - and political reform, with important steps taken towards democratic forms of government. In some areas political change preceded economic reform (as in much of eastern Europe), while elsewhere economic and political reform have gone hand in hand, often as a result of external pressure. The essays cover a wide range of experience of economic and political reforms, from which some general lessons emerge. The most important one is that political and economic reforms interact in complex ways, with political reform often acting to slow down or even reverse economic reform. Secondly, it is shown that the state has an important role to play in guiding reform and preventing market excesses.