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Financial disclosures/conflicts of interest: Dr Macleod was funded by a Clinical Academic Fellowship from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government and received grant funding from Parkinson's UK, the Wellcome Trust, University of Aberdeen, and NHS Grampian endowments relating to this research. Dr Counsell received grant funding from Parkinson's UK, National Institute for Health Research, the Scottish Chief Scientist Office, the BMA Doris Hillier award, RS Macdonald Trust, the BUPA Foundation, NHS Grampian endowments and SPRING relating to this research. We declare we have no conflicts of interest. Financial support: This study was funded by Parkinson's UK, the Scottish Chief Scientist Office, NHS Grampian endowments, the BMA Doris Hillier award, RS Macdonald Trust, the BUPA Foundation, and SPRING. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Altres ajuts: The authors NDR, IT-D, and JB are currently funded by grant S2017/BMD-3700 (NEUROMETAB-CM) from Comunidad de Madrid co-financed with the Structural Funds of the European Union, Fundación BBVA and Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno. ; When James Parkinson described the classical symptoms of the disease he could hardly foresee the evolution of our understanding over the next two hundred years. Nowadays, Parkinson's disease is considered a complex multifactorial disease in which genetic factors, either causative or susceptibility variants, unknown environmental cues, and the potential interaction of both could ultimately trigger the pathology. Noteworthy advances have been made in different fields from the clinical phenotype to the decoding of some potential neuropathological features, among which are the fields of genetics, drug discovery or biomaterials for drug delivery, which, though recent in origin, have evolved swiftly to become the basis of research into the disease today. In this review, we highlight some of the key advances in the field over the past two centuries and discuss the current challenges focusing on exciting new research developments likely to come in the next few years. Also, the importance of pre-motor symptoms and early diagnosis in the search for more effective therapeutic options is discussed.

Progress in development of disease-modifying treatments in Parkinson's Disease
Henri Huttunen, Chief Scientific Officer, Herantis Pharma Plc, charts progress in the development of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease. Recent FDA approvals of two potentially disease-modifying Alzheimer's disease drugs give hope that similar successes in Parkinson's disease may be around the corner. However, despite the recent advances in understanding complex disease biology and the development of novel drug targets and biomarkers, progress in the clinical development of new treatments remains slow.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: As I Lay Trembling -- Chapter One - Denial and Ignorance -- Chapter Two - Myself before Parkinson's -- Chapter Three - The MagniFIcent Brain -- Chapter Four - Escaping Abroad -- Chapter Five - The Darkest Hour -- Chapter Six - Today's Drugs -- Chapter Seven - Today's Surgeries -- Chapter Eight - An Insidious Beast -- Chapter Nine - Keeping the Beast at Bay -- Chapter Ten - Tomorrow's Remedies -- Epilogue: Light in the Darkness -- Glossary -- Notes -- Index.

The health insurance system in Korea has been under governmental control, and has covered whole population since 1989. About 97% of Korean people have benefits from this system, while 3% are covered by a Medical Aid system for poor people. According to the statistical yearbook of Health Insurance Review in Korea, the number of claims under Parkinson's Disease, in whole country increased steeply from 44619 in 1995 to 96229 in 2000. If each patient were to take medication for the full duration of their insurance coverage, the average number of visits per year would be 11 in 2000. Thus the number of PD patients calculated using these statistics is about 8600. The prevalence is 19/100000, which is much lower than that in Japan. Considering the significant increase in the number of claims in last few years, however, there are still many PD patients who do not receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The other factor influencing these statistics is the fact that patients were able to buy their medications in drug stores without prescription, i.e. without visiting a hospital (since 2001 this has no longer been allowed). Almost all PD medications are available in Korea. There are several forms of levodopa drugs. Dopamine agonists include bromocriptine, pergolide, dihydroergocriptine, ropinirol, and pramipexole. Other parkinsonian medications are amantadine, benztropin, trihexyphenydil, deprenyl, and entacapone. Recently multicentre clinical trials were performed using ropinirol and entacapone, which showed reliable results. Currently deep brain stimulation is available in a number of medical institutes. ; open

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a genetically complex neurodegenerative disease with ~20 genes known to contain mutations that cause PD or atypical parkinsonism. Large‐scale next‐generation sequencing projects have revolutionized genomics research. Applying these data to PD, many genes have been reported to contain putative disease‐causing mutations. In most instances, however, the results remain quite limited and rather preliminary. Our aim was to assist researchers on their search for PD‐risk genes and variant candidates with an easily accessible and open summary‐level genomic data browser for the PD research community. METHODS: Sequencing and imputed genotype data were obtained from multiple sources and harmonized and aggregated. RESULTS: In total we included a total of 102,127 participants, including 28,453 PD cases, 1650 proxy cases, and 72,024 controls. CONCLUSIONS: We present here the Parkinson's Disease Sequencing Browser: a Shiny‐based web application that presents comprehensive summary‐level frequency data from multiple large‐scale genotyping and sequencing projects https://pdgenetics.shinyapps.io/VariantBrowser/. Published © 2021 This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER ONE "He's Going to Do Things You Can't Even Imagine" -- Finding His Niche -- High School, Cut Short -- Off to Hollywood -- CHAPTER TWO A Star Is Born -- A Hollywood Star -- Behind the Scenes -- Warning from a Pinkie -- What Is Parkinson's Disease? -- What Causes Parkinson's Disease? -- How Is Parkinson's Disease Treated? -- Dealing with His Diagnosis -- Spin City -- CHAPTER THREE A Different Kind of Spotlight -- A Difficult Decision -- Going Public -- Shining a Light -- Two Turning Points -- CHAPTER FOUR From Actor to Activist -- Putting His Fame to Good Use -- Building the Foundation -- Funding the Foundation -- Spending the Money -- CHAPTER FIVE The Future of Parkinson's -- The Foundation Today -- Stem Cell Controversy -- Happy to Be of Service -- GLOSSARY -- FOR MORE INFORMATION -- Web Sites -- FOR FURTHER READING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX -- About the Author -- Photo Credits

The primary objective of this study was to identify the needs of caregivers of individuals with Parkinson's disease within the context of the common functional, memory, and behavioral problems experienced by Parkinson's patients. A second objective was to evaluate any differences between caregivers of Parkinson's patients and caregivers of adults with other forms of cognitive impairment. Data used for this analysis were collected in 1999, by the 11 Caregiver Resource Centers that form California's statewide Caregiver Resource Center system, as part of the uniform caregiver assessment process. Parkinson's disease caregivers requested assistance with emotional support, respite, and behavior management. Compared with caregivers of non-Parkinson's patients served by the CRC system, caregivers of Parkinson's patients were primarily older, entered the CRC system later, and demonstrated increased depression and other health conditions.