Suchergebnisse

Résumé On trouvera ici le scénario du film de court métrage intitulé « Parasite » tel que l'enregistrement cinématographique ne l'a pas encore changé. On peut le lire en imaginant le personnage principal sous les traits de Carlo Brandt et en entendant les voix d'Émilie Mazoyer et de Daniel Mesguich sous les mots respectivement de Muriel, l'animatrice radio, et d'Alexandre Nahon, le sexologue psychothérapeuthe. « Parasite » est produit par Lumina Films (Marie Napoli) et aidé par le conseil régional de Picardie.

Unproductive enterprises that feed on productive businesses, are rampant in developing countries. These parasitic enterprises take divergent forms, some headed by violent bandits and brutal mafia bosses, others by organized middlemen or smart political insiders. All of them seem to have the profit motive in common. A consequence of parasitic enterprises is that societies may be locked into a self enforcing configuration of beliefs and practices that result in persistent poverty. In some instances the parasites are former youth gangs or rebel groups that are transformed to criminal enterprises feeding on private businesses (Collier 2000). Such bandits not only extort and control small-scale informal enterprises, street sellers and sweat shops, but the most professional among the plunderers prey on large-scale modern firms. One case in point is the lucrative businesses of kidnapping and extortion in Colombia, where guerrillas collect more than hundred million US dollars per year only from the oil industry alone (Hunter, 1996). Other parasitic enterprises act like a Mafia, providing protection, enforcing contracts, and mediating disputes for money. These enterprises apply force on a commercial basis to collect debt and enforce business contracts. "Problem solving" that normally belongs to the realm of the state is undertaken by violent entrepreneurs and their gangs, where the targets have to pay tributes to avoid damages. Even though these predatory forms of illegal activities can be found in industrialized countries – with the Sicilian and the We thank Kaushik Basu for productive discussions. We have also benefitted from useful comments by Sam Bowles and Karla Hoff. We are grateful for support from the Norwegian Research Council. 1 Parasites 2 American Mafia the best-known examples– they are more prevalent and more burdensome in developing countries and in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. In the transition countries the institutional vacuum created by the collapse of communism has opened the scene for extortion by such mafia-like parasites. Their activities belong to the growing shadow economy (Campos 2000). One example is private enforcement of business contracts, by threat of violence from criminal gangs, that became routine in the Russian business world in the 1990s. As Volkov observed, "[b]efore signing formal business contracts, companies acquire information on each other's enforcement partners (whom do you work with?)"(Volkov 1999 p.746). Such criminal gangs can obtain a considerable influence over private businesses. According to the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, criminal gangs in 1994 controlled 40,000 Russian businesses (Volkov 1999). Parasitic enterprises can also be run by middlemen who organize marketing boards with substantial monopsony power, or by wealthy land-owners who provide credit at exploitative interest rates. Political insiders set up their own parasitic enterprises that private sector companies have to consult and remunerate in order to have certain contracts signed. These activities, sometimes called straddling, are common in Africa. In Kenya, for example, president Moi allowed extensive straddling among politicians and bureaucrats in exchange for loyalty to the government (Bates 1983, Bigsten and Moene 1996). Finally, parasites are not always private enterprises, but can be found as corrupt politicians and bureaucrats who collect bribes and use their positions for own private benefit. All these kinds of parasitic rent appropriation activities that are directed towards private businesses flourish in the absence of a state that effectively protects property rights, and enforces contracts. Thus parasitic rent appropriation is different from regular rent-seeking that captures activities directed towards an active state undertaking regulations that private businesses wish to avoid or benefit from. While regular rent seeking distort political decisions via wasteful influence activities, parasitic rent appropriation challenges the state's monopoly of taxation, protection and legitimate violence. In this paper we highlight some of the causes and consequences of these parasitic behaviors. Our basic claim is based on the premise that entrepreneurs of both productive and parasitic enterprises to some extent are drawn from the same limited pool of entrepreneurs. Parasites 3 When this is the case, the rise of parasitic profit opportunities may cause economic stagnation and underdevelopment that in turn enhance the profitability of parasitic enterprises relative to productive enterprises. Thus parasitic rent appropriation may induce stagnation, while stagnation may induce parasitic activities. Together the two links can lead developing economies into a poverty trap. In order to study the consequences of parasitic profit opportunities, we embed parasitic activities within a big-push model of industrialization. Parasitic activities compete for scarce entrepreneurial resources, as in the seminal papers on the misallocation of talent to unproductive activities by Usher (1987), Baumol (1990), Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1991 and 1993), and Acemoglu (1995).1 First, however we clarify what we mean by a poverty trap and how it is related to the concepts of strategic complementarity.

Parasites are a nasty part of a healthy ecosystem, thriving off the nutrients of their hosts while their host is hurt in exchange. While they aren't beneficial to the host, understanding where parasites come from and how they infect the body is important for young readers. Through the vivid photographs complemented by comments from illustrated teaching companions, young readers get an introduction to not just where these nasty creatures come from, but how readers can avoid infection. Young scientists will read along with the fun illustrated characters who encourage a better understanding of what a parasite is.

Hauptbeschreibung Matthias Kronenberger behandelt ein alltägliches Thema der praktischen gerichtlichen Tätigkeit. Er bedient sich hierzu des in der Rechtstheorie und Rechtsphilosophie bisher ungebräuchlichen Schlüsselwortes des Parasiten, mit dem an die grundlegende Arbeit des französischen Mathematikers und Philosophen Michel Serres angeknüpft wird. Angewandt auf das Thema der richterlichen Überzeugungsbildung führt es zu einer neuen, ungewöhnlichen Perspektive auf die gerichtliche Arbeit und der sonst unterstellten philosophischen Kernfrage: Was ist eigentlich eine Überzeugung, inwiefern unterscheidet sie sich vom Wissen und wie kann man dem Wissen gerecht werden und doch auch aus Überzeugung einer gerechten Entscheidung näher kommen? Dies betrifft die großen Themen der Rechtsphilosophie, welche der Autor mit unterschiedlichen Gewährspersonen reflektiert, zu denen insbesondere die klassischen deutschen Philosophen Kant und Hegel sowie die postmodernen französischen Autoren des 20. Jahrhunderts Jean-François Lyotard und Jacques Derrida als auch die Systemtheorie Niklas Luhmanns gehören. Auf dieser Grundlage wird die Überzeugung im Anschluss an Lyotard als Affekt-Satz ausgearbeitet. Dieser negative Satz lässt sich als Versprechen ohne inhaltliche Bestimmung kennzeichnen. Er bietet die Chance, von Sätzen Zeugnis abzulegen, die im Rahmen der Diskursregeln des Rechts nicht artikuliert werden können. Der praktische Effekt dieses merkwürdigen Satzes liegt darin, die als legitimierenden Faktor benötigte Ungewissheit über den Ausgang des Verfahrens zu erzeugen. Die Analyse legt hierbei nahe, dass es nicht die intensiven Affekte sind, die den Gerichtsalltag bestimmen. Eher herrscht das diskrete Gefühl der Gefühllosigkeit vor, das als ein der Neutralität, der Sachlichkeit und der Unabhängigkeit entsprechender Wert umschrieben und gesetzt wird. Die

Main description: Matthias Kronenberger behandelt ein alltägliches Thema der praktischen gerichtlichen Tätigkeit. Er bedient sich hierzu des in der Rechtstheorie und Rechtsphilosophie bisher ungebräuchlichen Schlüsselwortes des Parasiten, mit dem an die grundlegende Arbeit des französischen Mathematikers und Philosophen Michel Serres angeknüpft wird. Angewandt auf das Thema der richterlichen Überzeugungsbildung führt es zu einer neuen, ungewöhnlichen Perspektive auf die gerichtliche Arbeit und der sonst unterstellten philosophischen Kernfrage: Was ist eigentlich eine Überzeugung, inwiefern unterscheidet sie sich vom Wissen und wie kann man dem Wissen gerecht werden und doch auch aus Überzeugung einer gerechten Entscheidung näher kommen? Dies betrifft die großen Themen der Rechtsphilosophie, welche der Autor mit unterschiedlichen Gewährspersonen reflektiert, zu denen insbesondere die klassischen deutschen Philosophen Kant und Hegel sowie die postmodernen französischen Autoren des 20. Jahrhunderts Jean-François Lyotard und Jacques Derrida als auch die Systemtheorie Niklas Luhmanns gehören. Auf dieser Grundlage wird die Überzeugung im Anschluss an Lyotard als Affekt-Satz ausgearbeitet. Dieser negative Satz lässt sich als Versprechen ohne inhaltliche Bestimmung kennzeichnen. Er bietet die Chance, von Sätzen Zeugnis abzulegen, die im Rahmen der Diskursregeln des Rechts nicht artikuliert werden können. Der praktische Effekt dieses merkwürdigen Satzes liegt darin, die als legitimierenden Faktor benötigte Ungewissheit über den Ausgang des Verfahrens zu erzeugen. Die Analyse legt hierbei nahe, dass es nicht die intensiven Affekte sind, die den Gerichtsalltag bestimmen. Eher herrscht das diskrete Gefühl der Gefühllosigkeit vor, das als ein der Neutralität, der Sachlichkeit und der Unabhängigkeit entsprechender Wert umschrieben und gesetzt wird. Die Problematik der Überzeugungsbildung besteht danach weniger in der Gefahr eines willkürlich handelnden Subjekts, sondern mehr in der Flüchtigkeit des Affekt-Satzes, der die Überzeugungsbildung in Verzug setzt und dadurch gegen das zentrale Verbot der Resultatlosigkeit verstößt.

Introduction to the new edition: Bring the noise : the parasite and the multiple genealogies of posthumanism / Cary Wolfe -- Interrupted meals logics -- Rats' meals cascades -- Satyrs' meals host/guest -- Diminishing returns the obscure and the confused -- Decisions, indecisions, the excluded third, included -- The lion's share the simple arrow -- Athlete's meals difference and the construction of the real -- Picaresques and cybernetics the new balance -- Pentecost -- More interrupted meals technique, work -- Rats' dinner diode, triode -- Logic of the fuzzy -- The master and the counter-master -- More rats' meals machines and engines -- The means, the milieu -- Spaces of transformation -- Lunar meals -- Meals of the Lord in Paradise -- Work -- Insects' meals -- Energy, information -- The gods, the perpetual host -- Interlude : full-length portrait of the parasite -- Confessed meals -- Jean-Jacques, lawmaker's judge -- Noises -- Music -- Fat cows and lean cows economy -- Salad meals stercoral origin of property rights -- Meals of satire exchange of money, the exact and the fuzzy -- Meals among brothers theory of the joker -- Meals of chestnuts the sun and the sign -- The cows come out of the river stocks -- Cows eat cows theory of the line -- The best definition -- Of sickness in general -- Midnight suppers society -- Impostors' meals analyze, paralyze, catalyze -- The proper name of the host masters and slaves -- Theory of the quasi-object -- The empty table on love -- The devil on love -- The worst definition -- Stories, animals

Who speaks when you speak? Who writes when you write? Is it "you"—is it the "I" that you think you are? Or are we the chance inheritors of an invasive, exterior parasite—a parasite that calls itself "Being" or "Language?" If our sense of self is best defined on the basis of an exterior, parasitical force that enters us from the outside, then the "self" is no longer a centralized or agential "inside," but rather becomes reconfigured as the result of an "outside" that parasitizes the "inside"-as-host. Rough versions of this model can be found in several traditions of continental philosophy: in Lacan, Derrida, Serres, Kristeva, Foucault, Baudrillard, to name a few. However, the full implications of this ontological model have yet to be addressed: what are its consequences for a theory of subjects, objects, and the agencies that intersect with them? How does this framework alter our understandings of the human and the non-human, the vital and the material? An off-kilter point of view is required to consider this historical and philosophical situation. Language Parasites argues that the best way to conceive of the "self" or "subject" as something linguistically and ontologically constituted by an aggressive and parasitical outside is by asking the following question: "what is the being of a parasite?" In addressing this challenge, Braune combines speculative philosophy with 'Pataphysics (the absurdist science, invented by Alfred Jarry, that theorizes a physics beyond both the para and the meta, resulting in the pata). These theoretical collisions betray a variety of swerves that extend to the social (as a parasite semiotics), the cultural (as the invasive force of memes), the aesthetic (as the transition of postmodernism to postmortemism), the linguistic (as found in Saussure's paranoid researches into the paragram), the poetic (as seen in Christopher Dewdney's journey into "Parasite Maintenance" and Christian Bök's attempts to embed a poem in a bacterium), and the literary (as para-cited in Henry Miller's experience of housing a parasite named "Conrad Moricand"). The "voice" of the parasite can be found in what Saussure calls the "paragram"—the uncanny messages that lurk hidden underneath the written word. And what does the parasite say? Or, does its speech reject human ears?

Parasites that manipulate the behaviour of their hosts represent striking examples of adaptation by natural selection. This text provides an authoritative review of host manipulation by parasites that assesses developments in the field and lays out a framework for future research