Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML application that provides a standard way to represent geographic information. GML is developed and maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which is an international consortium consisting of more than 250 members from industry, government, and university departments. Many of the conceptual models described in the ISO 19100 series of geomatics standards have been implemented in GML, and it is itself en route to becoming an ISO Standard (TC/211 CD 19136). An overview of GML together with its implications for the geospatial web is given in this paper.
The value of public sector information can be significantly increased by employing standards. For example, the use of a metadata standard for describing governmental resources allows citizens & businesses to locate & retrieve these resources in a more efficient & effective way. Furthermore, the use of a common document template for describing elementary & integrated public services (such as life events) can also substantially improve management & reuse of information & increase citizens' satisfaction. This paper proposes a metadata element set for governmental resources & a template for describing life events & public services. The proposed metadata element set can be used to facilitate the search & retrieval of governmental resources such as electronic documents. The proposed document template, termed the Governmental Markup Language (GovML), is a recommendation for describing public services & life events. It is anticipated that both public organizations & consumers of public services (citizens, businesses & other public organizations) would benefit from such a common information structure. Public authorities will be able to better manage (i.e., create, modify, store, etc.), exchange & reuse their information. Citizens & businesses will enjoy better services when searching for information regarding public services & life events. From a more technical perspective, GovML data vocabularies are proposed XML patterns, validated against an appropriate XML schema. Interoperability among public authorities is ensured as the rules that dominate the document syntax are common. Moreover, GovML-compliant information exploits XML potential; thus it can be displayed in multiple formats & devices, such as Web browsers, PDAs & mobile phones. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 9 References. Adapted from the source document. COPIES ARE AVAILABLE FROM: HAWORTH DOCUMENT DELIVERY CENTER, The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580
Die zunehmende Popularität von XML (Extensible Markup Language) und die Verfügbarkeit von Software, die XML-Dokumente lesen und editieren kann, bietet die Möglichkeit, Instrumente der qualitativen Datenanalyse in "groupware"-Anwendungen wie gemeinsam benutzte Arbeitsbereiche oder Datenbanken einzubinden, welche dann mittels Netzwerken innerhalb von Organisationen oder über das Internet zugänglich gemacht werden können. In der Vergangenheit waren kollaborative Systeme im Allgemeinen darauf ausgerichtet, Dokumente als Ganzes zu apportieren und zu präsentieren. Es war zwar prinzipiell möglich, innerhalb dieser Systeme Dokumente zu annotieren und zu diskutieren, aber die Möglichkeiten einer "Bleistift-Level"-Analyse (wie in den meisten CAQDAS Programmen üblich) war nicht gegeben. XML kann, wenn mit einer Skriptsprache wie Perl kombiniert, dazu verwendet werden, einfache QDA-Funktionen wie das Retrieval von Textsegmenten auf der Basis von Zeichenketten und Schlüsselwörtern, das Verknüpfen von Memos zu Textfragmenten und die Generierung von Überblicksdaten durchzuführen – und dies mittels eines Standard-Webbrowsers.
It is the age of the social web, where people express themselves by giving their opinions about various issues, from their personal life to the world&rsquo ; s political issues. This process generates a lot of opinion data on the web that can be processed for valuable information, and therefore, semantic annotation of opinions becomes an important task. Unfortunately, existing opinion annotation schemes have failed to satisfy annotation challenges and cannot even adhere to the basic definition of opinion. Opinion holders, topical features and temporal expressions are major components of an opinion that remain ignored in existing annotation schemes. In this work, we propose OpinionML, a new Markup Language, that aims to compensate for the issues that existing typical opinion markup languages fail to resolve. We present a detailed discussion about existing annotation schemes and their associated problems. We argue that OpinionML is more robust, flexible and easier for annotating opinion data. Its modular approach while implementing a logical model provides us with a flexible and easier model of annotation. OpinionML can be considered a step towards &ldquo ; information symmetry&rdquo ; . It is an effort for consistent sentiment annotations across the research community. We perform experiments to prove robustness of the proposed OpinionML and the results demonstrate its capability of retrieving significant components of opinion segments. We also propose OpinionML ontology in an effort to make OpinionML more inter-operable. The ontology proposed is more complete than existing opinion ontologies like Marl and Onyx. A comprehensive comparison of the proposed ontology with existing sentiment ontologies Marl and Onyx proves its worth.
Abstract The process of "telling through words" and "understanding by insight" of a language are closely related to high-context and low-context cultures. Various concepts and knowledge systems constitute a hierarchy of cognitive domain networks. Bilingual and multilingual sign markup language can be seen everywhere in a multicultural setting, which is full of cognition, construal, and variation in the process of cross-cultural communication under the multilingual context. Sign markup language is presented in a multimodal discourse form, such as business language, advertising language, commercial logos, slogans, or propagation language. It contains known and unknown information and foreground and background cultures, changing with technological knowledge and history development. The cross-cultural cognitive research of sign markup language in a multimodal context is increasingly important, especially in today's society undergoing the development of economic globalization, high-speed information, urban internationalization, and data digitization. Based on instances of sign markup language, the present paper will apply the theory of memes in sign markup language to analyze and put forward the cognitive mechanism used in multimodal contexts.
A review of the present status, recent enhancements, and applicability of the Siesta program is presented. Since its debut in the mid-1990s, Siesta's flexibility, efficiency, and free distribution have given advanced materials simulation capabilities to many groups worldwide. The core methodological scheme of Siesta combines finite-support pseudo-atomic orbitals as basis sets, norm-conserving pseudopotentials, and a real-space grid for the representation of charge density and potentials and the computation of their associated matrix elements. Here, we describe the more recent implementations on top of that core scheme, which include full spin-orbit interaction, non-repeated and multiple-contact ballistic electron transport, density functional theory (DFT)+U and hybrid functionals, time-dependent DFT, novel reduced-scaling solvers, density-functional perturbation theory, efficient van der Waals non-local density functionals, and enhanced molecular-dynamics options. In addition, a substantial effort has been made in enhancing interoperability and interfacing with other codes and utilities, such as wannier90 and the second-principles modeling it can be used for, an AiiDA plugin for workflow automatization, interface to Lua for steering Siesta runs, and various post-processing utilities. Siesta has also been engaged in the Electronic Structure Library effort from its inception, which has allowed the sharing of various low-level libraries, as well as data standards and support for them, particularly the PSeudopotential Markup Language definition and library for transferable pseudopotentials, and the interface to the ELectronic Structure Infrastructure library of solvers. Code sharing is made easier by the new open-source licensing model of the program. This review also presents examples of application of the capabilities of the code, as well as a view of on-going and future developments. ; SIESTA development has been historically supported by different Spanish National Plan projects: MEC-DGESPB95-0202, MCyT-BFM2000-1312, MEC-BFM2003-03372,FIS2006-12117, FIS2009-12721, FIS2012-37549, FIS2015- 64886-P, and RTC-2016-5681-7, the latter one together with Simune Atomistics Ltd. Currently, we thank financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the grant No. PGC2018-096955-B. We acknowledge the Severo Ochoa Centers of Excellence Program under Grants No. SEV-2015-0496 (ICMAB), and SEV-2017-0706 (ICN2), the GenCat Grant No.2017SGR1506, and the European Union MaX Center of Excellence (EU-H2020 Grant No. 824143). P.G.-F. acknowledges support from Ramón y Cajal Grant No. RyC-2013-12515. J.I.C acknowledges RTI2018-097895-B-C41. R.C. acknowledges to the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodoswka–Curie grant agreement no. 665919. D.S.P, P.K, and P.B acknowledge MAT2016-78293-C6, FET-Open No. 863098, and UPV-EHU Grant IT1246-19. V. Yu was supported by a MolSSI fellowship (U.S. NSF award 1547580), and the ELSI development (V.B.,V.Yu) by NSF award 1450280. We also acknowledge Honghui Shang and Xinming Qin for giving us access to the HONPAS code, where a preliminary version of the hybrid functionals support described here was implemented. We are indebted to other contributors to the SIESTA project, whose names can be seen in the file in the Docs/Contributors.txt file of the SIESTA distribution, and we thank those, too many to list, contributing fixes, comments, clarifications, and documentation for the code. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)
A chapter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Extensive markup language (XML) is a flexible, nonproprietary set of standards designed to facilitate the exchange of information among disparate computer systems using Internet protocols. Although XML's technical standards, such as specifications for tagging, exchanging, and displaying information, have largely been worked out by commercial standards setting organizations and are in use, equally important business standards are not as mature and may complicate near-term implementation. Standards are not yet complete for (1) identifying potential business partners for transactions, (2) exchanging precise technical information about the nature of proposed transactions that partners can agree to, and (3) executing agreed-upon transactions in a formal, legally binding manner. The federal government faces many challenges as it attempts to gain the most from XML's potential. First, no explicit governmentwide strategy for XML adoption has been defined to guide agency implementation efforts and ensure that agency enterprise architectures address XML incorporation. Second, federal agencies have not yet identified and consolidated their needs for effective representation before key standards setting bodies. Third, the government has yet to establish a registry of government-unique XML data structures for systems developers to consult when building or modifying XML-based systems. Agencies must also ensure that they address XML implementation through enterprise architectures to maximize XML's benefits and forestall costly future reworking of their systems."
Teaches you all you need to know about the technology: what Microformats are current available and how to use them, the general principles of how they work, so you'll be able to understand and use future Microformat, how to use Microformats with web sites.
